Table 1.
Characteristics of study population and likelihood of urine culture request in subgroups (n=1295)
| n | (%) | Cultures / n (%) | Unadjusted OR c (95% CI) | Adjusted OR d (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 1295 | (100) | 221/1295 (17.1) | − | − |
| Low-risk for complications | 765 | (59.1) | 52/765 (6.8) | − | − |
| High-risk (>1 risk factor) a | 530 | (40.9) | 169/530 (31.9) | 6.4 (4.6–9.0) | − |
| Male | 175 | (13.5) | 69/175 (39.4) | 4.1 (2.9–5.9) | 6.2 (4.0–9.6) |
| Symptoms of tissue invasion | 163 | (12.6) | 54/163 (33.1) | 2.9 (2.0–4.1) | 1.7 (1.1–2.6) |
| Immune disorder | 153 | (11.8) | 27/153 (17.6) | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) |
| Renal/bladder disease | 142 | (11.0) | 35/142 (24.6) | 1.7 (1.1–2.6) | 1.4 (0.9–2.3) |
| Age <12 years | 70 | (5.4) | 39/70 (55.7) | 7.2 (4.4–11.9) | 9.9 (5.4–17.8) |
| Pregnancy | 45 | (3.5) | 23/45 (51.1) | 5.6 (3.0–10.1) | 12.8 (6.3–26.1) |
| Indwelling catheter | 30 | (2.3) | 8/30 (26.7) | 1.8 (0.8–4.1) | 0.7 (0.3–1.8) |
| Antibiotic prophylaxis | 4 | (0.3) | 3/4 (75.0) | 14.8 (1.5–142) | 31.6 (3.0–332) |
| Comorbidity (≥1 present) | 485 | (37.5) | |||
| Cardiovascular disease | 263 | (20.3) | 37/263 (14.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) |
| Pulmonary disease | 196 | (15.1) | 27/196 (13.8) | 0.7 (0.5–1.2) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) |
| Thyroid dysfunction | 80 | (6.2) | 12/80 (15.0) | 0.8 (0.5–1.6) | 1.4 (0.7–2.8) |
| Nervous system | 30 | (2.3) | 6/30 (20.0) | 1.2 (0.5–3.0) | 0.5 (0.2–1.6) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 27 | (2.1) | 4/27 (14.8) | 0.8 (0.3–2.5) | 1.6 (0.5–4.9) |
| Dementia | 22 | (1.7) | 7/22 (31.8) | 2.3 (0.9–5.7) | 3.9 (1.3–11.4) |
| Inflammatory bowel | 18 | (1.4) | 4/18 (22.2) | 1.4 (0.5–4.3) | 1.5 (0.3–4.7) |
| Recurrent UTI | 99 | (7.6) | 21/99 (21.2) | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) | 1.9 (1.1–3.4) |
| Age (years) b | |||||
| 12–18 | 36 | (2.8) | 8/36 (22.2) | 1.6 (0.7–3.7) | 2.1 (0.9–5.2) |
| 19–24 | 97 | (7.5) | 8/97 (8.2) | 0.5 (0.2–1.1) | 0.7 (0.3–1.6) |
| 25–44 | 332 | (25.6) | 51/332 (15.4) | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) |
| 45–64 | 366 | (28.3) | 55/366 (15.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 65–74 | 155 | (12.0) | 21/155 (13.5) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) |
| >75 | 239 | (18.5) | 39/239 (16.3) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 1.0 (0.5–1.8) |
a
Patients with multiple risk factors are included for each risk factor.
b
For age 0–12 months, see risk factor ‘Age <12 years’.
c
Statistically significant results are printed in bold. OR present the likelihood of a urine culture being requested in patients with that characteristic compared with all other patients without that specific characteristic.
d
OR are adjusted: models include all risk factors, all comorbidities, a history of recurrent UTI and age groups compared with the largest age group of 45–64 years simultaneously.