Table 1.
Randomised controlled trials (RCT) with fatty and/or lean fish on obesity
| Author | Subjects | Health | Design | Background diet | Intervention groups | Duration | Main results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mori et al. (1999)( 30 ) | n 63 42 M 21 F Mean age: 54·1 (sem 1·8) years Age range: 40–70 years | Hypertension BMI >25 kg/m2 Mean BMI: 34·9 (sem 1·1) kg/m2 | RCT | Self-selected | (1) Control (2) Fish (3) Weight loss (energy-restricted diet) (4) Fish + weight loss Fish groups: including 3·65 g/d n-3 PUFA (turbot, sardines, tuna, salmon) | 16 weeks | Weight decreased by 5·6 (sem 0·8) kg in energy restriction groups. NS differences in weight loss in seafood and no-seafood groups maintaining usual energy intake |
| Thorsdottir et al. (2007)( 31 ); Ramel et al. (2010)( 32 ) | n 278 120 M 158 F Mean age: 38·9 (sd 5·4) years Age range: 20–40 years | Healthy Mean BMI: 30·1 (sd 1·4) kg/m2 BMI range: 27·5–32·5 kg/m2 | RCT | Self-selected | Energy-restricted diets (1) Control (sunflower capsules, no seafood) (2) Lean fish (3 × 150 g cod/week) (3) Fatty fish (3 × 150 g salmon/week)=2·1 g/d n-3 PUFA (4) Fish oil (capsules, no seafood)=1·3 g/d n-3 PUFA | 8 weeks | Weight and waist circumference decreased significant more in fatty fish (–7·0±3·5 kg), lean fish (–6·6±2·8 kg) and fish oil groups (–6·7±3·6 kg) (energy-restricted diets) compared with control –5·3±3·0 kg) in male subjects |
| Ramel et al. (2009)( 74 ) | n 126 Age range: 20–40 years | Healthy Mean BMI: 30·2 (sd 1·4) kg/m227·5–32·5 kg/m2 | RCT | Self-selected | Energy-restricted diets (1) Control (no seafood) (2) Lean fish (3 × 150 g cod/week) (3) Lean fish (5 × 150 g cod/week) | 8 weeks | Dose–response relationship; weight loss increased significantly with increasing doses of cod: cod 3 ×/week –0·67 kg; cod 5 ×/week –1·73 kg compared with control |
| Aadland et al. (2016)( 76 ) | n 20 7 M 13 F Mean age: 50·6 (sem 3·4) years | Healthy Mean BMI: 25·6 (sem 0·7) kg/m2 | RCT, cross-over | 3 weeks run-in period with diet in accordance with Norwegian recommendations | No energy-restriction (1) Lean seafood 7 d/week (2) Non-seafood 7 d/week Fish: cod, pollock, saithe, scallops | 2 × 4 weeks, 5 weeks washout | No diet effect on body composition |
M, male; F, female.