Table 4.
Univariable and multivariable analysis of impact of world region of origin (non‐western vs western) on significant outcomes in univariable analysis for smoking, PA, and alcohol
| Specific outcome | Outcome subgroup | Comparison of cancer survivors from non‐western vs western country of origin on specific outcomes | Adjustment variables in final model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||
| OR (95% CI) | P | aOR (95% CI) | P | |||
| Smoking | ||||||
| Baseline smoking status | Current vs never smoker | 0.56 (0.31‐0.99) | 0.003 | 0.46 (0.20‐1.04) | 0.02 | a, b, c, d, e |
| Ex‐smoker vs never smoker | 0.48 (0.30‐0.76) | 0.47 (0.25‐0.87) | ||||
| Change in smoking status after diagnosis among current smokers at diagnosis | Quit vs continued | 1.94 (0.66‐5.74) | 0.23 | — | — | — |
| Perception of smoking on quality of life | Worsens vs no effect/improves | 0.51 (0.32‐0.81) | 0.004 | 0.50 (0.30‐0.81) | 0.005 | f |
| Perception of smoking on overall survival | 0.64 (0.40‐1.01) | 0.05 | 0.64 (0.40‐1.01) | 0.05 | —* | |
| Perception of Smoking on Fatigue | 0.71 (0.45‐1.12) | 0.14 | — | — | — | |
| Physical Activity | ||||||
| Baseline PA levels | Exercising at MVPA levels vs not | 0.48 (0.30‐0.78) | 0.003 | 0.44 (0.25‐0.79) | 0.006 | b, d, g |
| Change in PA levels among those inactive at baseline | Improved to Exercising at MVPA levels vs not | 1.21 (0.59‐2.49) | 0.60 | — | — | — |
| Change in PA levels among those active at baseline | Continued Exercising at MVPA levels vs not | 0.46 (0.17‐1.27) | 0.14 | — | — | — |
| Perception of PA on quality of life | Improves vs no effect/worsens | 0.72 (0.38‐1.35) | 0.30 | — | — | — |
| Perception of PA on overall survival | 0.87 (0.47‐1.61) | 0.66 | — | — | — | |
| Perception of PA on fatigue | 0.68 (0.43‐1.08) | 0.10 | — | — | — | |
| Alcohol | ||||||
| Alcohol use status at diagnosis | Current vs never drinker | 0.16 (0.10‐0.26) | <0.001 | 0.22 (0.12‐0.40) | <0.001 | b, h, i |
| Ex‐drinker vs never drinker | 0.51 (0.30‐0.88) | 0.52 (0.26‐1.05) | ||||
| Change in alcohol use among current drinkers at diagnosis | Quit/cut down vs. Continued/increased | 0.76 (0.36‐1.61) | 0.48 | — | — | — |
| Perception of Alcohol on Quality of Life | Worsens vs no effect/improves | 2.08 (1.39‐3.13) | <0.001 | 1.47 (0.95‐2.27) | 0.08 | a, j, k |
| Perception of alcohol on overall survival | 1.72 (1.12‐2.63) | 0.01 | 1.22 (0.78‐1.92) | 0.39 | a, j, k | |
| Perception of alcohol on fatigue | 1.67 (1.11‐2.56) | 0.02 | 1.27 (0.81‐1.96) | 0.29 | a, h, j, k | |
Each final base model of outcome was adjusted differently for variables in far‐right column: a) Age at diagnosis, b) Income c) Employment Type d) Education e) Self‐Rated Health f) Pack Years g) Radiation Treatment h) Gender i) Language j) Number of drinks at diagnosis k) ECOG.
For this outcome, there were no significant co‐variates found associated with the outcome. These variables were selected using backward selection modelling from all socio‐demographic and clinico‐pathological variable (Table 1) and relevant behavior variables (Table 2) that were significant with that outcome.