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. 2019 Jan 12;43(4):373–401. doi: 10.1002/gepi.22184

Figure 2.

Figure 2

A general diagram representing potential pleiotropic influences in Mendelian randomization studies. αx, αz: genetic association parameters between X~G and Z~G; β: causal effect of interest (X on Y); γxz and γzx: possible direct causal effects of X on Z and Z on X, respectively; η: the pleiotropic pathways of Z on Y; G: genotypes; X: phenotype of exposure; Y: response of interest; Z: potential pleiotropic phenotypes