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Pleiotropic correlations of Z and G ∗ for each Mendelian randomization method in a one‐sample set‐up for simulation Series I. The panels display results for different values of αx and αz corresponding to different instrument strength and pleiotropy severity. pz denotes the number of pleiotropic components among all 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms in G. Note that the pleiotropic correlations from CIV_smooth, CIV_naive, sisVIVE_exo, and Allele_exo are exactly zero in some scenarios
