Figure 9.

Pleiotropic correlations of Z and G ^∗ for each Mendelian randomization method in a one sample set‐up for simulation series II. The panels display results for different values of α_x and α_z corresponding to different instrument strength and pleiotropy severity. p_z denotes the number of pleiotropic components among all 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms in G. Note that the pleiotropic correlations from CIV_smooth, CIV_naive, sisVIVE_exo, and Allele_exo are exactly zero in some scenarios, and, therefore, do not appear on the graphs