Figure 11.
Log‐transformed F‐statistics of X~G ∗ for each Mendelian randomization method (in the second sample) in simulation Series I. The panels display results for different values of αx and αz corresponding to different instrument strength and pleiotropy severity. pz denotes the number of pleiotropic components among all 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms in G. Vertical line denotes F‐statistics = 10. The dashed line separates external VS results from TS results. TS: two‐sample; VS: validation sample