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. 2019 May 21;10:618. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00618

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Copyright © 2019 Mitchell, Sonenshine and Pérez de León.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Tick vitellogenin receptor (VgR) structure and phylogeny in relation to VgRs from other organisms. (A) Tick VgRs from D. variabilis (DvVgR), R. microplus (RmVgR), H. longicornis (HlVgR), and A. hebraeum (AhVgR). Percentages under the species identifier represent the percent identity of that species with the full-length VgR amino acid sequence of D. variabilis. Percentages under the four highlighted domains represent the percent identity of that region in relation to the D. variabilis VgR amino acid sequence. LBD1, ligand-binding domain 1; EGF precursor 1, epidermal growth factor (EGF)-precursor homology domain 1; LBD2, ligand-binding domain 2; EGF precursor 2, epidermal growth factor (EGF)-precursor homology domain 2; “I” inside green pentagon, EGF-like repeat within LDLRB repeat of LBD (non-calcium binding); “II” inside green pentagon, EGF-like repeat within LDLRB repeat of LBD (calcium binding); SP, signal peptide; TM, transmembrane domain; O, O-linked sugar domain; Cyto, cytoplasmic domain. (B) Unrooted maximum likelihood tree showing the phylogenetic relationship between VgRs from 5 tick species (AAZ31260.3, Dermacentor variabilis; AGQ57038.1, Amblyomma hebraeum; AUQ44344.1, Rhipicephalus microplus; BAG14342.1, Haemaphysalis longicornis; EEC20133.1, Ixodes scapularis), 2 mite species (ANS13820.1, Tetranychus cinnabarinus; AHN48901.1, Panonychus citri), 9 insect species (AAK15810.1, Aedes aegypti; AAB60217.1, Drosophila melanogaster; BAC02725.2, Periplaneta americana; CAJ19121.1, Blattella germanica; AAP92450.1, Solenopsis invicta; XP_026295652.1, Apis mellifera; ADK94452.1, Bombyx mori; AZN28756.1, Colaphellus bowringi; XP_026689064.1, Diaphorina citri), 3 crustacean species (ADK55596.1, Macrobrachium rosenbergii; ROT71709.1, Penaeus vannamei; ABW79798.1, Penaeus monodon), and a sea star (AMR68937.1, Patiria miniata). Bootstrap values from 1000 simulations are displayed at the nodes. Number and letter combinations in parenthesis are Accession Numbers. Figure design modeled after figure from Smith and Kaufman (2013).