Table 1.

Reported Cardioprotective Activities of Medicinal Plants Against Cardiotoxicity Produced by Various Agents.

Common Name	Plant Names	Family	Parts Used	Dosage Form	Chemical Constituents	Actions	References
Against isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxity
Fountain tree, African tulip tree, pichkari or nandi flame	Spathodea campanulata	Bignoniaceae	Bark	Ethanol extract	Saponin, flavonoids, steroid, alkaloids, glycoside, tannin, phenol, phlobatanin, terpenoids, and anthraquinone	Antimalarial, anti-HIV, hypoglycemic, cardioprotective	9
Garlic	Allium sativum	Liliaceae	Bulb	Garlic oil	Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and cardiac glycosides	Antimicrobial, antihyperlipidemic, and cardioprotective	10
Hairy fig	Ficus hispida	Moraceae	Leaves	Methanol	Alkaloids, terpenes, saponins, glycosides, mucilage, gums, flavonoids, phenols, sterols, amino acids, β-amyrine acetate, protein, carbohydrates, n-triacontanol, lupeol acetate, β-sitosterol, gluanol, and β-amyrin	Cardioprotective, antipyretic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory	11
Kerala ginseng, ginseng of Kani tribes	Trichopus zeylanicus	Trichpodaceae	Leaves	Ethanol	Alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids	Cardioprotective, adoptogenic, aphrodisiac	12
Gokhru, kharkhask, caltrop	Tribulus terrestris	Zygophyllaceae	Fruit	Aqueous	Flavonol, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, and steroidal saponins	Cardioprotective, antilithiatic, diuretic, hypouricemic, anti-inflammatory, aphrodisiac	13,14
Baladur, billar, bhilavan	Semecarpus anacardium	Anacardiaceae	Dried nuts	Ethanol	Bhilwanols, phenolic compounds, biflavonoids, sterols, glycosides, ursuhenol, anacardoside, semecarpetin, nallaflavanone, jeediflavanone, semecarpuflavanone	Cardioprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic	15
Kalmegh	Andrographis paniculata	Acanthaceae	Leaves	Methanol	Andrographolide, diterpenoids, flavonoids, quinic acid, xanthones, noriridoids, and andrographidoids A, B, C, D, and E	Cardioprotective, gastroprotective, antioxidant	16
Zafran, Saffron	Crocus sativus	Iridaceae	Flowers	Aqueous	Carotenoid compounds, crocetin, crocin, safranal, glucoside picrocrocin, anthocyanins, delphinidin, petunidin	Cardioprotective, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticancer	17
Tulsi	Ocimum sanctum	Lamiaceae	Seeds	Hydroalcohol	Alkaloids, saponins, tannin, steroid, flavonoids, terpenoid	Cardioprotective, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic	18
Basil, Saint-Joseph’s-wort	Ocimum basilicum	Lamiaceae	Aerial parts	Ethanol	Flavonoids, phenolic compounds	Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and cardioprotective	19
Moringa, drumstick tree	Moringa oleifera	Moringaceae	Leaves	Hydroalcohol	Tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes, carbohydrates, flavonoids, and cardiac glycosides	Anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and cardioprotective	20,21
Bottle gourd	Lagenaria siceraria	Cucurbitaceae	Fruit	Juice	Sterols, flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponin	Antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, and cardioprotective	22
Picrorhiza, kutki, katuka	Picrorhiza kurroa	Scrofulariaceae	Rhizome	Ethanol	Sterols, glycosides, phenolic compounds, cucurbitacins (triterpenoids), and iridoid glycosides	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective	23
Ban tulasi, raan tulas	Croton sparsiflorus	Euphorbiaceae	Leaves	Methanol	Terpenoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids	Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective	24
Against isoprenaline hydrochloride–induced cardiotoxicity
Neem tree, Indian lilac	Azadirachta indica	Meliaceae	Aqueous	Leaves	Reducing sugar, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, and alkaloids	Cardioprotective, chemopreventive, antiplasmodial, anti-inflammatory	25
Gander	Coleus forskohlii	Lamiaceae	Roots	Ethanol	Forskolin hydrochloride, demethylcryptojaponol, α-amyrin, betulic acid, α-cedrol and β-sitosterol, diterpene glycosides, and diterpenoids forskolin	Antihypertensive, antithrombotic, antiobesity, and cardioprotective	26
Kokum, red mango tree	Garcinia indica	Clusiaceae	Fruit	Aqueous	Garcinol, isoxanthochymol, xanthochymol, hydroxycitric acid, phenolic acids, flavonoids, benzophenones, isogarcinol, anthocyanins, and tannins	Cardioprotective, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, antioxidant	27
Against ischemia-reperfusion–induced cardiotoxicity
Hawthorn	Crataegus oxyacantha	Rosaceae	Berries	Ethanol	Flavonoids, oligomeric procyanidins, triterpenes, phenolic acids, fatty acids, and sterols	Anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and cardioprotective	28
Lemon guava, Guava	Psidium guajava	Myrtaceae	Leaves	Aqueous	Phenolic, carotenoid, flavonoid, terpenoid, and triterpene.	Cardioprotective, antispasmodic, antidiabetic	29
Gotu kola, Brahmi	Hydrocotyle asiatica	Umbelliferae	Whole plant	Alcohol	Alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides	Cardioprotective, antipsoriatic, neuroprotective	30
Maqui berry	Aristotelia chilensis	Elaeocarpaceae	Fruits	Methanol	Phenolic compounds, anthocyanidins, flavonoids, delphinidin, cyanidin, gallate, gallocatechin gallate, quercetin, rutin, myricetin, and catechin action	Cardioprotective, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory	31
Arjuna or arjun tree	Terminalia arjuna	Combretaceae	Bark	Alcohol	Lactones, phytosterol, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, and tannins	Antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, and cardioprotective	32
Against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy
Bottle brush	Callistemon lanceolatus	Myrtaceae	Leaves	Ethanol	Phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phytosterols, and tannins	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cardioprotective	33
Stone breaker, Black katnip	Phyllanthus niruri	Phyllanthaceae	Whole plant	Aqueous	Flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, lignans, tannins, polyphenols, coumarins, and saponins	Cardioprotective, anticancer, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic, antihepatotoxic	34
Turmeric	Curcuma longa	Zingiberaceae	Rhizome	Ethanol	Curcumin, ar-turmerone, β-sesquiphellandrene, curcumenol, sesquiterpenes, and phenolic constituents	Cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant	35
Shershir	Tribulus macropterus	Zygophyllaceae	Aerial parts	Methanol	Flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, and flavonol	Cytotoxic and cardioprotective	36
Olive	Olea europaea	Oleaceae	Aerial parts	Methanol	Flavonoids, iridoids, secoiridoids, flavanones, benzoic acid derivatives, and triterpenes	Antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective	36
Athel tree, Athel pine, and saltceda	Tamarix aphylla	Tamaricaceae	Aerial parts	Methanol	Alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, phenolic compounds, and saponins.	Antidiabetic, anticholinsterase, antioxidant, and cardioprotective	36
Sorrel	Hibiscus sabdariffa	Malvaceae	Petals	Aqueous	Tannins, saponnins, phenols, glycosides, alkaloids, and flavonoids	Antihypertensive, antioxidant, and cardioprotective	37
Malta fungus	Cynomorium coccineum	Cynomoriaceae	Aerial parts	Methanol	Alkaloids, glycosides, anthraquinones, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids	Antioxidant, antihypertensive, and cardioprotective	36
Assyrian plum	Cordia myxa	Boraginaceae	Fruit	Methanol	Flavonoids, saponins, and tannin	Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and cardioprotective	36
	Calligonum comosum	Polygonaceae	Aerial parts	Methanol	Flavonoids, anthraquinones, and dehydrodicatechin	Cytotoxic, anticancer, and cardioprotective	36
	Camellia sinensis	Theaceae	Leaves	Aqueous	Tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and flavonoids	Antioxidant, antiobesity, and cardioprotective	38
	Withania somnifera	Solanaceae	Leaves and roots	Herbal tablet	Alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, hentriacontane, dulcitol, withaniol, withananine, withananinine, pseudo-withanine, tannins, and flavonoids	Anti-inflammaory, analgesic, immunomodulant, antirhematic, and cardioprotective	39
	Ficus racemosa	Moraceae	Bark	Acetone	Flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, kaempferol and coumarin, glycoside	Antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective	40
Onion	Allium cepa	Alliaceae	Leaves	Methanol	Flavonoids, triterpenic acids, amino acids, steroids	Cardioprotective, antibacterial, antioxidant, hypouricemic	41
Against cigarette smoke–exposed rats
	Sesbania grandiflora	Fabaceae	Leaves	Aqueous suspension	Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannin, anthraquinone, steroid, pholobatannins, and terpenoids	Antibacterial, anxiolytic, and cardioprotective	42
Against glucose-induced oxidative stress in H9C2 cardiomyocytes
	Syzygium cumini	Myrtaceae	Seeds	Methanol	Anthocyanins, ellagic acid, glucoside, kaemferol isoquercetin, alkaloids, myrecetin, glycosides, and jambosine	Antidiabetic, antioxidant, and cardioprotective	43
Against Naja sputatrix (Javan spitting cobra) venom
Velvet bean, Cowhage	Mucuna pruriens	Fabaceae	Seeds	Aqueous	Alkaloids, sterols, saponins, alkylamines, 6-methoxyharman, mucunain, mucunadine, and mucunine	Cardioprotective, antidepressant, neuroprotective	44