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. 2019 May 20;17(2):1559325819847409. doi: 10.1177/1559325819847409

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© The Author(s) 2019

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 4. — Effects of metformin on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway in mice. (A) The expression levels of several proteins in cardiomyocytes of mice was detected by Western blot under different groups of control, metformin preadministration, Escherichia coli injection as well as metformin administration after bacterial myocardial injury (using glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase [GAPDH] as internal reference). Changes in expression levels of these proteins in vivo showed the same trend as those of the cell experiments. (B) The activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) in the serum of mice under different treatment were evaluated by microplate reader. The activities of LDH and MDA showed a remarkable augment after intraperitoneal injection of E·coli, while it had a reduction after metformin administration in vivo. In contrast, changes in the activities of SOD and GSH displayed the opposite trend. ^# P < .05 vs model group, n = 6 for each group.