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. 2019 May 21;10:572. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00572

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Copyright © 2019 Tizazu, Nyunt, Cexus, Suku, Mok, Xian, Chong, Tan, How, Hubert, Combet, Fulop, Ng and Larbi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Higher level of the inflammatory molecules with aging. Unbiased analysis of all measured cytokines and chemokines using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) shows a clear separation between Young vs. Healthy (A), Young vs. Non-DM (B), Young vs. Pre DM (C), and Young vs. DM (D). Individual comparison of major cytokines shows a significant difference (P < 0.05) between Young vs. healthy for TIMP-1 (E), sTNFRII (F), sICAM-1 (G), and TNFα (H). P-values were calculated using non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test and adjusted for Bonferroni multiple test correction (****P < 0.0001).