Table 2. Descriptive Data of Included Articles.
| Variable | Articles, No. (%)a | All (N = 76)b | ASD (n = 27) | DLD (n = 10) | At Risk (n = 34) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Range | Articles, No. (%) | Mean (SD) | Patients, No. (%) | Mean (SD) | Articles, No. (%) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Peer-reviewed journal | 73 (96) | NA | NA | 24 (92) | NA | 10 (100) | NA | 34 (100) | NA |
| Country | |||||||||
| United States and Canada | 44 (57) | NA | NA | 17 (63) | NA | 6 (60) | NA | 19 (56) | NA |
| Europe | 20 (26) | NA | NA | 8 (30) | NA | 3 (30) | NA | 6 (18) | NA |
| Australia | 3 (4) | NA | NA | 1 (4) | NA | 1 (10) | NA | 1 (3) | NA |
| Malaysia | 1 (1) | NA | NA | 1 (4) | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA |
| Middle East | 2 (3) | NA | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA | 2 (6) | NA |
| South America | 2 (3) | NA | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA | 2 (6) | NA |
| Africa | 4 (5) | NA | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA | 4 (12) | NA |
| Publication year | 2010 | 1988-2018 | 2011 | 2004 | 2011 | ||||
| Before 2000 | 12 (16) | NA | NA | 1 (4) | NA | 4 (40) | NA | 4 (12) | NA |
| 2000-2009 | 12 (16) | NA | NA | 4 (15) | NA | 3 (30) | NA | 6 (18) | NA |
| 2010-2018 | 52 (68) | NA | NA | 22 (81) | NA | 3 (30) | NA | 24 (71) | NA |
| Randomized | 59 (78) | NA | NA | 19 (70) | NA | 7 (70) | NA | 25 (86) | NA |
| Risk of bias | NA | 3.8 (2.0) | 0-11 | NA | 3.1 (2.2) | NA | 4.7 (2.4) | NA | 3.9 (2.6) |
| Sample size | NA | 77 (78) | 20-501 | NA | 60 (31) | NA | 40 (24) | NA | 108 (105) |
| Participant age, y | NA | 3.53 (0.8) | 0.2-5.0 | 27 (100) | 4.36 (1.4) | 10 (100) | 2.97 (0.3) | 34 (100) | 2.75 (1.5) |
| Nonmajority race/ethnicity | 36 (47) | 48 (34) | 10-100 | 13 (50) | 37.6 (20) | 4 (40) | 51 (40) | 15 (44) | 58.3 (34) |
| Male | 70 (90) | 64 (21) | 46-97 | 23 (85) | 84 (6) | 10 (90) | 66 (12) | 26 (90) | 50 (16) |
| Mean IQ<85c | 15 (65) | 63.6 (5.1) | 53-74 | 11 (41) | 62.5 (5.2) | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA |
| Primarily low-income socioeconomic status | 25 (33) | NA | NA | 3 (17) | NA | 1 (10) | NA | 19 (56) | NA |
| Parent educational level of high school or less | 24 (31) | NA | NA | 4 (20) | NA | 3 (30) | NA | 15 (44) | NA |
| Intervention length, wk | NA | 23 (24) | 4-120 | NA | 26 (18) | NA | 15 (6) | NA | 24 (33) |
| Intervention dose, mean h/wk | NA | 1.3 (1.6) | 0.1-14 | NA | 1.7 (2.5) | NA | 1.4 (0.8) | NA | 0.9 (0.5) |
| Intervention type | |||||||||
| Dialogic reading | 16 (21) | NA | NA | 1 (4) | NA | 2 (20) | NA | 12 (44) | NA |
| Naturalistic language | 63 (83) | NA | NA | 23 (85) | NA | 9 (90) | NA | 27 (78) | NA |
| Parent instruction | |||||||||
| Workshop | 17 (22) | NA | NA | 2 (7) | NA | 6 (60) | NA | 8 (24) | NA |
| Coaching | 49 (64) | NA | NA | 18 (67) | NA | 5 (50) | NA | 23 (68) | NA |
| Modeling | 21 (28) | NA | NA | 8 (30) | NA | 4 (40) | NA | 7 (21) | NA |
| No. of effect sizes | |||||||||
| Total effect sizes | 377 | NA | NA | 145 | NA | 72 | NA | 131 | NA |
| Expressive language | 149 | NA | NA | 31 | NA | 41 | NA | 65 | NA |
| Receptive language | 58 | NA | NA | 19 | NA | 9 | NA | 21 | NA |
| Social communication | 116 | NA | NA | 72 | NA | 13 | NA | 21 | NA |
| Engagement | 31 | NA | NA | 18 | NA | 0 | NA | 13 | NA |
| Parent implementation | 146 | NA | NA | 35 | NA | 4 | NA | 61 | NA |
| Fidelity reported | 36 (47) | NA | NA | 14 (54) | NA | 4 (36) | NA | 11 (32) | NA |
Abbreviations: ASD, autism spectrum disorder; DLD, developmental language disorder; NA, not applicable.
a
The percentage of articles includes those that have reported data.
b
All populations include ASD, DLD, at risk, and other (ie, children with hearing loss, children with cleft palate, children with an intellectual disability, and a mixed population of children).
c
Reported on a mean (SD) scale of 100 (15).