Table 3. Mean Effect Size Across Measure Types and Populations.

Variable	At Risk					DLD					ASD					Alla
	Effect Size (SE) [95% CI]	τ2b	I2b	No. of Outcomes/No. of Studies	Effect Size (SE) [95% CI]		τ2	I2	No. of Outcomes/No. of Studies	Effect Size (SE) [95% CI]		τ2	I2	No. of Outcomes/No. of Studies	Effect Size (SE) [95% CI]		τ2	I2	No. of Outcomes/No. of Studies
Parent outcomes	0.58 (0.10) [0.37 to 0.78]c	0.22	42.68	61/18	NAd		NAd	NA	NA	0.44 (0.24) [−0.08 to 0.96]e		0.80	74.57	35/15	0.55 (0.11) [0.33 to 0.78]c		0.51	63.90	146/41
Expressive language	0.22 (0.08) [0.04 to 0.41]e	0	3.55	65/28	0.83 (0.20) [0.38 to 1.29]c		0.10	21.15	41/9	0.19 (0.08) [0.02 to 0.36]e		0.11	29.50	31/17	0.28 (0.06) [0.15 to 0.40]c		0	0	149/58
Receptive language	0.28 (0.15) [0.00 to 0.60]e	0.26	55.45	21/27	0.92 (0.30) [0.07 to 1.76]f		0.14	27.53	9/5	0.09 (0.08) [−0.08 to 0.27]		0	0	19/15	0.29 (0.10) [0.09 to 0.48]c		0.13	34.65	58/43
Social communication	0.18 (0.11) [0.00 to 0.43]	0	0	21/11	0.37 (0.17) [−0.1 to 0.93]e		0.17	33.67	13/4	0.21 (0.08) [0.05 to 0.40]f		0.07	2.82	72/25	0.24 (0.06) [0.13 to 0.35]c		0	0	116/44
Engagement, attention	0.36 (0.17) [−0.10 to 0.83]e	0	0	13/6	NAd		NAd	NA	NA	0.55 (0.14) [0.26 to 0.85]c		0.07	22.24	18/14	0.49 (0.11) [0.27 to 0.72]c		0.04	15.23	31/20
All outcomes	0.27 (0.09) [0.09 to 0.46]c	0.07	24.48	131/34	0.82 (0.18) [0.40 to 1.23]c		0.09	19.53	72/10	0.26 (0.06) [0.13 to 0.39]c		0	1.14	145/27	0.33 (0.06) [0.22 to 0.45]c		0.05	16.99	377/76

Abbreviations: ASD, autism spectrum disorder; DLD, developmental language disorder; NA, not analyzed.

^aAll populations include ASD, DLD, at risk, and other (ie, children with hearing loss, children with cleft palate, children with an intellectual disability, and a mixed population of children).

^bτ² And I² are not directly comparable across nonnested models. No comparisons in this table are nested.

^cP < .001.

^dToo few effect sizes to calculate a stable effect size estimate.

^eP < .10.

^fP < .01.