Table 2.
Summary of study characteristics.
| N (studies) | % of studies | % of total sample | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Continent: Europe Australia Northern America Asia |
9 1 2 3 |
60.0 6.7 13.3 20.0 |
48.8 24.8 13.4 13.1 |
| Design: Naturalistic observational RCT Mixed |
11 3 1 |
73.3 20.0 6.7 |
82.0 18.1 24.8 |
| Start inclusion period: Before 2000 2000–2005 2005–2010 2010– |
3 4 5 3 |
20.0 26.7 33.3 20.0 |
37.9 11.9 31.9 10.6 |
| Inclusion period—duration: 1 year 1–2 years 2–3 years >3 years |
1 5 4 5 |
6.7 33.3 26.7 33.3 |
10.5 22.3 17.1 48.6 |
| Information campaigns Yes No |
8 7 |
53.3 46.7 |
50.0 50.0 |
| Inclusion strategies Referral Mixed |
12 3 |
80.0 20.0 |
71.4 28.6 |
| Inclusion criteria: in additional to CHR-group: Age at inclusion A minimum of 9 years of education No history of antipsychotic medication for over 16 weeks |
10 1 1 |
66.7 6.7 6.7 |
74.1 3.6 3.2 |
| Exclusion criteria: Organic cause for prodromal symptoms Current or lifetime psychosis Intellectual functioning Substance use Current or history of antipsychotic medication Language requirements Diagnosed with pervasive developmental disorder or autism spectrum A history of electroshock therapy Not help seeking individuals Suicide risk due to personality disorder |
14 12 11 5 6 2 2 1 1 1 |
93.3 80.0 73.3 33.3 40.0 13.3 13.3 6.7 6.7 6.7 |
96.7 82.9 67.1 24.2 53.8 19.5 13.7 3.0 3.0 6.3 |
| Assessment of ultra high risk: SIPS/SOPS CAARMS PANSS BSIP |
7 6 1 1 |
46.7 40.0 6.7 6.7 |
26.1 63.1 3.5 7.9 |
| Assessment of positive psychotic symptoms: BPRS CAARMS SIPS/SOPS PANSS SAPS |
3 3 5 3 1 |
20.0 20.0 33.3 20.0 6.7 |
43.2 21.1 21.1 13.9 3.6 |
| Assessment of negative psychotic symptoms: SANS PANSS SIPS/SOPS CAARMS |
4 4 4 3 |
26.7 26.7 26.7 30.0 |
46.8 13.6 18.2 21.1 |
| Assessment of functioning: GAF SOFAS mGAF cGAS QLS |
9 3 1 1 1 |
60.0 20.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 |
66.3 27.7 1.5 1.0 3.6 |
| Transition criteria: CAARMS SIPS/SOPS PANSS BPRS SCID-I |
5 4 3 2 1 |
46.7 26.7 13.3 13.3 6.7 |
56.3 8.7 14.0 17.5 3.6 |
| Sample size: <50 50–100 100–150 150–200 >200 |
3 5 3 3 1 |
20.0 33.3 20.0 20.0 6.7 |
5.6 17.4 20.6 31.8 24.7 |
| Transition rate: <10% 10–20% 20–30% 30–40% >40% |
2 4 7 1 1 |
13.3 26.6 26.7 6.7 6.7 |
13.4 27.6 46.5 3.0 9.6 |
| Treatment: CBT (RCT) Additional treatment None |
3 6 6 |
20.0 40.0 40.0 |
18.1 59.0 23.1 |
BPRS, Brief Psychotic Rating Scale; BSIP, Basel Screening Instrument for Psychosis; CAARMS, Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental State; CBT, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; cGAS, children Global Assessment Scale; CHR, clinical high risk; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning scale; mGAF, modified Global Assessment of Functioning scale; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; QLS, Quality of Life Scale; RCT, Randomized Controlled Trial; SANS, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; SCID-I, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV; SIPS/SOPS, Structured Interview of Prodromal Symptoms/Scale of Prodromal Symptoms.