Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by location
| Rural Ghana | Urban Ghana | |
| Number of participants, N (%) | 1043 (41.9) | 1449 (58.1) |
| Mean age, years (SD) | 46.5 (12.6) | 45.2 (11.4) |
| Females, N (%) | 638 (61.2) | 1034 (71.4) |
| Educational level n (%) | ||
| Low | 555 (56.9) | 614 (43.9) |
| Middle | 311 (31.9) | 547 (39.1) |
| High | 108 (11.2) | 239 (17.0) |
| Occupational status, n (%) | ||
| Low | 250 (25.7) | 374 (26.7) |
| Middle | 628 (64.5) | 818 (58.4) |
| High | 96 (9.8) | 209 (14.9) |
| Wealth index, n (%) | ||
| Low | 449 (46.5) | 368 (26.6) |
| Middle | 276 (28.6) | 416 (30.0) |
| High | 241 (24.9) | 602 (43.4) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||
| <25 | 794 (76.3) | 579 (39.9) |
| 25–29.9 | 189 (18.2) | 495 (34.2) |
| ≥30 | 58 (5.5) | 374 (25.9) |
| Low physical activity, n (%) | 663 (47.2) | 592 (60.7) |
| Smoking, n (%) | 22 (2.3) | 14 (1.0) |
| Hypercholesterolaemia, n (%) | 78 (7.6) | 270 (18.7) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 306 (29.3) | 531 (36.7) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 53 (5.1) | 153 (10.6) |
| Albuminuria, n (%) | ||
| A1, normal to mildly increased (ACR <3 mg/mmol) | 930 (91.6) | 1285 (89.1) |
| A2-A3, moderately to severely increased (ACR ≥3 mg/mmol) | 85 (8.4) | 158 (10.9) |
| eGFR, n (%) | ||
| G1-G2 (≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 989 (96.3) | 1388 (96.3) |
| G3-G5 (<60 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 38 (3.7) | 54 (3.7) |
| CKD risk, n (%) | ||
| Low risk (green) | 916 (90.5) | 1281 (88.9) |
| Moderately increased to very high risk (yellow to red) | 96 (9.5) | 160 (11.1) |
ACR, albumin–creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; N, number of respondents.