Table 1.

The molecular expression changes between two different types of reactive astrocytes.

Reactive astrocytes	Molecular expression		Refs
A1 astrocytes	Up regulation	Inflammatory signaling through NF-κB	[105, 106]
		Glutamate and ATP release	[107, 108]
		Inflammatory mediators secretion (prostaglandinD2, IFN-γ, and TGF-β)	[93, 109]
		Lcn2 secretion	[110]
		IL-1α, C1q, TNF	[9, 10]
	Down regulation	GPC4, GPC6, SPARCL1 expression	[111, 112]
		Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2), Glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1)	[113, 114]
		Trophic factor release	[9, 115]
		Lactate transportation	[85]
		GABA release through GAT-3	[116]
A2 astrocytes	Up regulation	Inflammatory signaling through STAT3	[27, 29]
		Thrombospondins (THBS1 and THBS2)	[33]
		Aquaporin-4	[34]
		HMGB1 and β-2 integrin	[35]
		Trophic factor release (BDNF, VEGF and bFGF)	[9, 36, 37]
	Down regulation	H2-D1, Gbp2, Fkbp5, Srgn	[10]