Table 1.
Studies including the polygenic risk score (PGRS) for schizophrenia (SCZ)
| Reference | Sample | fMRI Task | Contrast | Analysis | Association with PGRS / PGRS Threshold | Laterality | Brain Region | MNI coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Cosgrove et al. 2017) |
86 HC 70 HC Irish-born paternal and maternal grandparents Mean age: 35.20 (SD = 12.04) Females: 51.6% |
Spatial Working Memory | 3 dots >1 dot |
Whole-brain P < 0.05 FWE, cluster level |
+ / P = 10−5 | R | Inferior Occipital Gyrus | 48, −76, −2 |
| Middle Temporal Gyrus | 3, −34, 16 | |||||||
| Face Processing Task | 3 contrast (angry faces, neutral faces, baseline) |
Whole-brain P < 0.05 FWE, cluster level |
NS / P = 10−5 | NA | NA | NA | ||
| (Erk et al. 2017) |
271–296 HC without psychosis family history and 195–214 HC with psychosis family history German volunteers, European origin Mean age: 32.2. (SD = 10.2) Females: 58% |
Episodic Memory (recognition) | Memory > control |
ROI PFWE (ROI) < 0.05 |
– / P = 0.05 | L | Pregenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex | −3, 26, −11 |
| Theory of Mind | Mentalizing > control |
ROI PFWE (ROI) < 0.05 |
+ / P = 0.05 | L | Posterior Cingulate Cortex | −9, −55, 22 | ||
| Working Memory (N-back task) | 2 back >0 back |
ROI PFWE (ROI) < 0.05 |
NS / P = 0.05 | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Reward Processing (Monetary Incentive Delay Task) | Anticipation of monetary win/loss > anticipation of neutral outcomes |
ROI PFWE (ROI) < 0.05 |
NS / P = 0.05 | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Face Matching Task | Angry/fearful faces > shapes |
ROI PFWE (ROI) < 0.05 |
NS/ P = 0.05 | NA | NA | NA | ||
| (Lancaster et al. 2016a) |
83 HC Caucasian Mean age: 23.95 Females: 53% |
Probabilistic Decision Making | Shift > stay |
Whole-brain PFWE-WHOLEBRAIN corrected |
– / P = 0.5 | R | Frontal Pole | 34, 58, 0 |
|
ROI PFWE-ROI corrected |
– / P = 0.5 | L | Ventral Striatum | −4, 6, −12 | ||||
| (Kauppi et al. 2015) |
63 SCZ and 118 HC Norwegian Data Mean age: Patients: 32.9 (SD = 7.9) Controls: 34.9 (SD = 8.5) Females Patients: 31.7% Controls: 39.8% |
Working Memory (N-back task) | 2 back >0 back |
Whole-brain cluster-level correction z-value >2.3 and a corrected cluster significance threshold of P = .05 |
– / P = 0.05 | R | Inferior Frontal Gyrus | 48, 18, −10 |
| Medial/Superior Prefrontal Cortex | 38, 46, −16 | |||||||
| Middle Temporal Gyrus | 72, −40, −4 | |||||||
| 2-back > baseline |
Whole-brain cluster-level correction z-value >2.3 and a corrected cluster significance threshold of P = .05 |
– / P = 0.05 | R | Middle Temporal gyrus | 66, −44, −6 | |||
| R | Anterior Cingulate Gyrus | 4, 22, 32 | ||||||
| R | Inferior Frontal Gyrus | 50, 14, −8 | ||||||
| R | Frontal Pole | 26, 34, 22 | ||||||
| R | Middle Temporal Gyrus | 58, −22, −12 | ||||||
| L | Post Cingulate | −6, −24, 30 | ||||||
| R | Middle Lateral Ventricle | 4, 22, 6 | ||||||
| R | Inferior Frontal Gyrus | 46, 30, 10 | ||||||
| L | Putamen | −22, 6, −10 | ||||||
| (Rampino et al. 2017) |
Discovery 151 HC Replication 51HC Caucasian Mean Age: Discovery: 26 (SD = 10.7) Replication: 25 (SD = 6.1) Females: Discovery: 52% Replication: 49% |
Variable Attention Control (VAC task) |
3 load levels conditions (high, intermediate, low) |
Whole-brain P < .05, small volume FWE corrected |
PGRS-SCZ + / P = 10−8 NS PGRS-SCZGlu + / P = 10−8 |
L | Superior Frontal Gyrus |
−22, 48, 48Discovery −30, 50, 40 Replication |
| (Walton et al. 2014) |
92 SCZ and 114 HC Caucasian descent Mean Age: Patients: 34.23 Controls: 32.49 Females: Patients: 25% Controls: 40.4% |
Working Memory (Sternberg Item Recognition Paradigm) | Average load 1, 2, and 3 |
Whole-brain z value of 2.3 and Bonferroni corrected with a P value of .007 (.05/7) |
+ / P = 0.01 | L | Dorsolateral/Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex | −6, 38, 48 |
| Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex | −12, 48, 30 | |||||||
| Anterior Cingulate Cortex | −4, 46, −18 | |||||||
| (Wang et al. 2017) |
Dataset 1: 360 HC Dataset 2: 323 HC Chinese Mean Age: Dataset 1: 19.4 (SD = 1.1) Dataset 2: 22.7 (SD = 2.5) Females: Dataset 1: 48.3% Dataset 2: 51.4% |
Resting state fMRI (functional connectivity) | NA |
ROI voxel-level of P < 0.05 and cluster size >90 voxels to reach a cluster level significance of alpha <0.05 |
– / P = 0.05 | L | Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex with Insula | −42, 46, 13 |
| + / P = 0.05 | L | Angular Gyrus with Insula | −54, −62, 28 |
HC Healthy Controls, L Left hemisphere, NA Not Applicable, NS Not Significant, R Right hemisphere, ROI Region of Interest, SCZ Schizophrenia