Figure 1.

Schematic illustration of the scanned part of the experimental paradigm. During the study phase, participants generated an association between a picture and a sound (in the crossmodal task; left) or between two pictures (in the unimodal task; right), with different tasks on different days. There were 120 stimulus pairs in total, 80 seen for the first time in the study phase (“nonrepeated”) and 40 seen twice before in a separate phase outside the scanner (“repeated”; see Materials and Methods). In the test phase, a cue picture was presented and participants recalled the associated sound (in the crossmodal task) or picture (in the unimodal task). Use of the same stimuli in both tasks is for illustrative purposes: in reality, each stimulus was only used in one task.