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. 2019 May 24;14:1127–1138. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S188141

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© 2019 Hanania and O'Donnell.

This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

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Inter-relationships of dyspnea.

Note: Reprinted from Chest, 147, Mahler DA and O'Donnell DE, Recent advances in dyspnea, 232–241, Copyright (2015), with permission from Elsevier.16

Abbreviations: PaCO₂, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; PaO₂, partial pressure of oxygen; VCO₂, volume of carbon dioxide.