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. 2019 May 22;10:585. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00585

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Copyright © 2019 Zhang, Han, Zhao, Li, Jin and Qin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Excitotoxic neuronal cell death is induced by addition of KA. (A) TUNEL assay showing apoptotic neurons in rat cortex samples. TUNEL-NeuN-positive cells are indicated by an arrow. Scale bar = 100 μm in all images. Western blot was performed for evaluation of active caspase-3 (B) and Bax (C) protein levels. *p < 0.05 vs. control (n = 6). (D) Neuron ultrastructure. Control group: Normal ultrastructure of neurons. KA group: Disrupted or shrunken nuclei (red arrow); swollen mitochondria (blue arrow), with dissolved and ruptured ridges; and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) lumens (green narrow). KA, KA group; N, nucleus.