Table 1.
Characteristics | Quarters of energy adjusted ultra-processed food consumption | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
First (<2 servings/day) (n=4975) | Second (2-<3 servings/day) (n=4975) | Third (3-≤4 servings/day) (n=4975) | Fourth (>4 servings/day) (n=4974) | |
Ultra-processed foods (servings/day) | 1.4 (0.8) | 2.7 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.3) | 5.3 (1.4) |
Body mass index | 23.3 (3.4) | 23.5 (3.5) | 23.6 (3.7) | 23.8 (3.7) |
Married | 2520 (50.8) | 2487 (50.4) | 2481 (50.0) | 2505 (49.6) |
Educational level (No (%)): | ||||
Graduate | 4192 (84.6) | 4047 (82.0) | 4019 (81.1) | 4084 (80.9) |
Postgraduate | 328 (6.6) | 385 (8.0) | 412 (8.3) | 417 (8.3) |
Doctorate | 435 (8.8) | 506 (10.3) | 525 (10.6) | 549 (10.9) |
Smoking status (No (%)): | ||||
Current | 1141 (23.0) | 1194 (24.2) | 1231 (24.8) | 1426 (28.3) |
Former | 1313 (26.5) | 1265 (25.6) | 1203 (24.3) | 1215 (24.1) |
Family history of CVD (No (%)) | 667 (13.5) | 684 (13.9) | 679 (13.7) | 802 (15.9) |
Conditions at baseline (No (%)): | ||||
Cancer | 173 (3.5) | 159 (3.2) | 170 (3.4) | 224 (4.4) |
Diabetes | 98 (2.0) | 91 (1.8) | 100 (2.1) | 116 (2.3) |
Hypertension | 935 (18.8) | 980 (19.9) | 975 (19.7) | 1148 (22.7) |
Hypercholesterolaemia | 856 (17.3) | 840 (17.0) | 854 (17.2) | 898 (17.8) |
Cardiovascular disease | 76 (1.5) | 73 (1.5) | 78 (1.6) | 122 (2.4) |
Depression | 535 (10.8) | 553 (11.2) | 594 (12.0) | 677 (13.4) |
Following a special diet (No (%)) | 423 (8.5) | 415 (8.4) | 407 (8.2) | 366 (7.2) |
Snacking (No (%)) | 1461 (29.5) | 1527 (30. 9) | 1677 (33.8) | 2139 (42.4) |
Sedentary activities: | ||||
Television viewing (≥3 h/day) | 340 (6.9) | 359 (7.3) | 407 (8.2) | 530 (10.5) |
Computer use (h/day) | 2.0 (1.9) | 2.1 (1.9) | 2.1 (1.9) | 2.2 (2.0) |
Driving (h/day) | 0.9 (1.1) | 0.9 (1.1) | 0.9 (1.1) | 0.9 (1.1) |
Napping (h/day) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.8) |
Sedentary index† (h/day) | 4.5 (2.8) | 4.6 (2.8) | 4.7 (2.6) | 4.9 (2.8) |
Physical activity (MET hours weekly) | 30.8 (27.6) | 27.1 (23.0) | 25.5 (22.0) | 25.2 (23.8) |
Adherence to Mediterranean diet (0-9 score) | 5.1 (1.7) | 4.3 (1.7) | 3.8 (1.7) | 3.6 (1.7) |
Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2799 (764.3) | 2338 (693.1) | 2299 (714.7) | 2632 (873.0) |
Macronutrients intake (% energy): | ||||
Carbohydrate | 44.6 (7.9) | 42.9 (7.3) | 42.8 (7.0) | 43.6 (7.5) |
Protein | 18.1 (3.4) | 18.6 (3.3) | 18.3 (3.1) | 16.9 (3.1) |
Fat: | 35.3 (7.2) | 36.4 (6.4) | 37.0 (6.0) | 37.5 (6.5) |
SFAs | 11.5 (3.4) | 12.3 (3.0) | 12.8 (3.0) | 13.2 (3.2) |
MUFAs | 15.6 (4.1) | 15.8 (3.7) | 15.7 (3.4) | 15.6 (3.5) |
PUFAs | 5.0 (1.6) | 5.1 (1.5) | 5.3 (1.5) | 5.4 (1.7) |
Total dietary fibre intake (g/day) | 37.9 (17.1) | 28.6 (11.5) | 26.0 (11.0) | 26.5 (12.7) |
Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 7.5 (12.0) | 6.6 (9.5) | 6.0 (9.5) | 7.3 (12.3) |
Olive oil (g/day) | 22.5 (17.5) | 15.9 (13.2) | 13.2 (11.9) | 12.7 (12.1) |
Food consumption (servings/day): | ||||
Fruit | 4.3 (3.2) | 2.9 (2.0) | 2.5 (1.8) | 2.4 (1.9) |
Vegetables | 3.5 (2.2) | 2.8 (1.4) | 2.5 (1.3) | 2.4 (1.5) |
Fast food‡ | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.2) |
Fried food | 0.5 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.6) | 0.5 (0.6) | 0.6 (0.7) |
Red meat | 0.6 (0.4) | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.3) |
Processed meat§ | 0.5 (0.5) | 0.6 (0.4) | 0.8 (0.5) | 1.0 (0.8) |
Sugar sweetened beverages | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.4) | 0.8 (1.2) |
Low fat dairy products | 0.5 (1.5) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.9) |
High fat dairy products | 0.6 (1.1) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.4 (0.7) |
Mineral intake (mg/day): | ||||
Sodium | 4103 (2032) | 3783 (2116) | 4053 (2578) | 4909 (4248) |
Potassium | 6122 (2187) | 4887 (1544) | 4560 (1516) | 4630 (1721) |
Calcium | 1531 (661) | 1242 (480) | 1176 (473) | 1246 (518) |
Magnesium | 527 (166) | 421 (125) | 398 (124) | 421 (149) |
Phosphorous intake (mg/day) | 2346 (729) | 1953 (560) | 1869 (563) | 1970 (641) |
Caffeine intake (mg/day) | 40.9 (39.2) | 40.2 (37.0) | 40.0 (36.2) | 52.0 (49.0) |
MET=metabolic equivalent of task; SFAs=saturated fatty acids; MUFAs=monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFAs=polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Adjusted through inverse probability weighting.
Sum of hours each day spent watching television, using a computer, and driving.
Sum of hamburgers, sausages, and pizza.
Sum of ham, sausages, chorizo, salami, mortadella, and hamburgers.