Table 1.

Favorable effects of taxifolin on AD and CAA.

Pharmacological Effects	Targets	Mechanisms
Suppressing Aβ production	Neuron	Reduction of BACE1 levels
Inhibiting Aβ aggregation	Lys residues of Aβ	Aβ–taxifolin adduct formation
Anti-inflammation	Neuron	Reduction of cPLA2 and PGE2 levels
Increasing CBF and CVR	Vascular endothelial and/or mural cells	Amelioration of Aβ toxicity Anti-oxidation Anti-glycation
Reducing hyperglycemia	α-amylase	Taxifolin–α-amylase complex
Reducing body weight	Brown adipose tissue	Increased energy expenditure
Renal protective effects in diabetic conditions	Renal tissue	Anti-fibrosis Anti-oxidation

BACE1: β-site secretase enzyme; CBF: cerebral blood flow; CVR: cerebrovascular reactivity; cPLA₂: cytosolic phospholipase A2; PGE₂; prostaglandin E₂.