Table 2.
Publication (author, year, country, journal, study design) |
Outcome (definition, ascertainment, activity level classification for RRadj) |
Exposure (leisure-time PA and PI: definition, measurement, categorisation) |
Study details (age, total number of participants, study sample, data collection year, number of follow-up years) |
Confounders |
Coronary artery disease | ||||
Grau et al,45
2010, Spain, Preventive Medicine, prospective cohort study. |
Definition: non-fatal and fatal events (acute myocardial infarction, angina pectoris or death). Ascertainment: non-fatal cardiovascular events ascertained by telephone questionnaire and medical record review, fatal cardiovascular events ascertained and identified from regional and national mortality registers. Activity level classification for RRadj: light-intensity (≤4.0 METs), moderate-intensity (4.5–5.5 METs) and heavy-intensity (≥6.0 METs) leisure-time PA. |
Definition: sedentary (average weekly EE in moderate-intensity to vigorous-intensity leisure-time PA <1000 kcal). Measurement: trained interviewer used validated Spanish version of Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire during the previous year. Categorisation: light-intensity (≤4.0 METs), moderate-intensity (4.5–5.5 METs), heavy-intensity (≥6.0 METs) leisure-time PA. |
Pe source: 18–75 years old, n=3734 participants (n=1802 men and n=1932 women), Spain, 1996–2012. RRadj source: 35–74 years old, n=3734 participants (n=1802 men and n=1932 women), prospective cohort study, Spain, 2005, follow-up time: 10 years (average 6.9 years). |
Age, sex, hypertension, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, diabetes and smoking. |
Hypertension | ||||
Paffenbarger et al,44
1983, USA, American Journal of Epidemiology, prospective cohort study. |
Definition: systolic blood pressure >160 mm Hg. Ascertainment: self-reported, physician-diagnosed hypertension. Activity level classification for RRadj: stair-climbing (<50 or >50), block-walking (<5 or >5), leisure-time sport (none, light, moderate and vigorous intensity), PA index (<2000 or >2000 kcal/week). |
Definition: stair-climbing (<50), block-walking (<5) and absence of vigorous-intensity leisure-time sport, PA index (<2000 kcal/week) Measurement: PA index was computed as EE in kcal/week from current self-reported PA levels mainly in three types of activities: stair-climbing (number of steps), block-walking (number of blocks) and leisure-time sports (light, moderate and vigorous intensity). Categorisation: stair-climbing (<50 or >50), block-walking (<5 or >5) and leisure-time sport (none, light, moderate and vigorous intensity), PA index (<2000 or >2000 kcal/week). |
Pe source: 35–74 years old, n=14 998 men, mailed questionnaire, 1962–1972, USA, >70% response rate. RRadj source: 35–74 years old, n=14 998 men, prospective cohort study, USA, 1962–1972, follow-up time: 6–10 years. |
Adjusted for a variety of important confounders or intermediary factors including age, BMI and family history. |
Suka et al,27
2002, Japan, Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, prospective cohort study. |
Definition: systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg. Ascertainment: initiation of antihypertensive therapy or systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg using annual health examination and questionnaire. Activity level classification for RRadj: active (regular exercise) and inactive (no regular exercise). |
Definition: no regular exercise (<20 min, 2 days/week)*. Measurement: annual health questionnaire. Categorisation: active (regular exercise) and inactive (no regular exercise). |
Pe source: 30–59 years old, n=6306 men, annual health questionnaire, 1991–1998, Japan. RRadj source: 30–59 years old, n=6306 men, prospective cohort study, Japanese, 1991–1998, follow-up time: 7 years. |
Age, BMI, blood pressure, glucose intolerance and alcohol intake. |
*Personal communication with the author.
BMI, body mass index; EE, energy expenditure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; METs, metabolic equivalents; PA, physical activity; PI, physical inactivity; Pe, prevalence of exposure; RRadj, adjusted relative risk.