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. 2019 May 6;20(9):2225. doi: 10.3390/ijms20092225

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The metabolic pathways of the flavonoids and phenolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Solid arrows and dashed arrows represent single-step reactions and multiple steps reactions, respectively. Multiple enzymes are indicated in red text. Abbreviations: PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H, cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase; 4CL, hydroxycinnamate coenzyme A ligase; CHS, chalcone synthase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; FNSII, Flavone synthase; F3H, flavanone 3-hydroxylase; F3’H, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase; F3′5′H, flavonoid 3′5′-hydroxylase; DFR, dihydroflavonol reductase; ANS, anthocyanidin synthase; FLS, Flavonol synthase; GT, UDP-glucose: anthocyanidin/flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase; AT, acyltransferase; MT, methyltransferases; LAR, leucoanthocyanidin reductase; ANR, anthocyanidin reductase; TAT, tyrosine aminotransferase; HPPR, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase; RAS, rosmarinic acid synthase; CYP98A14, a cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase.