Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of participants with and without sarcopenia by AWGS criteria.
| Variable | Overall (n = 1887) |
Without Sarcopenia (n = 1724) |
With Sarcopenia (n = 163) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 75.8 ± 3.9 | 75.5 ± 3.8 | 78.5 ± 3.8 |
| Female sex | 912 (48.3) | 843 (48.9) | 69 (42.3) |
| Education (≥7 years) | 1221 (64.7) | 1119 (64.9) | 102 (62.6) |
| Live alone | 382 (20.2) | 343 (19.9) | 39 (23.9) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2 ± 2.8 | 24.4 ± 2.8 | 22.5 ± 2.9 |
| Appendicular lean mass index (kg/m2) | 6.46 ± 1.00 | 6.53 ± 1.00 | 5.6 ± 0.76 |
| Appendicular lean mass to BMI ratio | 0.685 ± 0.157 | 0.690 ± 0.157 | 0.632 ± 1.148 |
| Current smoker | 119 (6.3) | 104 (6.0) | 15 (9.2) |
| Alcohol (≥2–3 time/week) | 360 (19.1) | 326 (18.9) | 34 (20.9) |
| Low physical activity | 174 (9.3) | 143 (8.4) | 31 (19.3) |
| Number of comorbidities | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 1.3 |
| Fair/poor self-perceived health | 453 (24.0) | 381 (22.1) | 72 (44.2) |
| Depressive symptoms (GDS score ≥6) | 370 (19.6) | 312 (18.1) | 58 (35.6) |
| MNA Screening score (≤11) | 144 (7.6) | 116 (6.7) | 28 (17.2) |
| Physical function | |||
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 27.1 ± 7.4 | 27.7 ± 7.3 | 21.0 ± 4.9 |
| Usual gait speed (m/s) | 1.14 ± 0.25 | 1.16 ± 0.25 | 0.96 ± 0.25 |
| Timed get up and go test (s) | 10.1 ± 2.4 | 10.0 ± 2.3 | 11.8 ± 2.6 |
| Five Times Sit-to-Stand (s) | 11.0 ± 3.5 | 10.8 ± 3.3 | 13.0 ± 4.6 |
| Short Physical Performance Battery (score) | 11.0 ± 1.4 | 11.1 ± 1.3 | 10.0 ± 1.8 |
| AWGS-defined sarcopenia | |||
| Low muscle mass | 709 (37.6) | 546 (31.7) | 163 (100.0) |
| Weakness | 281 (14.9) | 144 (8.4) | 137 (84.0) |
| Slow gait speed | 116 (6.1) | 68 (3.9) | 48 (29.4) |
Notes: Values are means (± SD) or numbers (percentages). BMI = body mass index; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; MNA = Mini Nutritional Assessment. p-values are based on the chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and the Mann–Whitney U test. Comorbidities were hypertension, myocardial infarction, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, angina pectoris, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, osteoarthritis, rheumarthritis, osteoporosis, asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as diagnosed by a physician.