Table 2.
Neuropsychological test scores according to sarcopenia by AWGS criteria.
| Variable | Male | Female | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without Sarcopenia (n = 881) |
With Sarcopenia (n = 94) |
p-Value | Without Sarcopenia (n = 843) |
With Sarcopenia (n = 69) |
p-Value | |
| Global cognitive function | ||||||
| Mini-Mental State Examination score | 26.5 ± 2.5 | 25.7 ± 3.1 | 0.020 | 25.6 ± 3.2 | 24.6 ± 3.4 | 0.021 |
| Mini-Mental State Examination score < 24 | 148 (16.8) | 27 (28.7) | 0.007 | 247 (29.3) | 26 (37.7) | 0.171 |
| Cognitive dysfunction a | 34 (3.9) | 6 (6.4) | 0.267 | 27 (3.2) | 2 (2.9) | 0.890 |
| Neuropsychological tests | ||||||
| Word list learning score | 16.9 ± 3.9 | 14.7 ± 4.3 | 0.000 | 17.7 ± 4.2 | 16.7 ± 4.0 | 0.078 |
| Word list recall score | 5.7 ± 1.9 | 4.5 ± 2.4 | 0.000 | 5.7 ± 2.1 | 5.5 ± 2.0 | 0.298 |
| Word list recognition score | 8.7 ± 1.7 | 8.0 ± 2.4 | 0.006 | 8.7 ± 1.8 | 8.3 ± 1.8 | 0.028 |
| Trail making test A, s | 59.8 ± 32.9 | 82.2 ± 53.9 | 0.000 | 86.8 ± 64.9 | 105.2 ± 79.7 | 0.025 |
| Digit span forward score | 6.3 ± 1.4 | 6.0 ± 1.5 | 0.043 | 5.8 ± 1.4 | 5.2 ± 1.4 | 0.001 |
| Digit span backward score | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 3.5 ± 1.2 | 0.242 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 1.2 | 0.234 |
| Frontal Assessment Battery score | 14.5 ± 2.5 | 13.2 ± 3.3 | 0.000 | 13.4 ± 2.9 | 12.7 ± 2.8 | 0.019 |
| Cognitive impairment by domains | ||||||
| Processing speed | 18 (2.0) | 8 (8.5) | 0.002 | 37 (4.4) | 7 (10.1) | 0.042 |
| Executive function | 55 (6.2) | 18 (19.1) | 0.000 | 65 (7.7) | 5 (7.2) | 0.561 |
| Verbal episodic memory | 77 (8.7) | 11 (11.7) | 0.217 | 103 (12.2) | 12 (17.4) | 0.146 |
| Working memory | 44 (5.0) | 9 (9.6) | 0.060 | 35 (4.2) | NA | |
| Cognitive impairment b | 161 (18.3) | 28 (29.8) | 0.013 | 188 (22.3) | 18 (26.1) | 0.457 |
Notes: Values are means (± SD) or numbers (percentages). NA = not applicable; p-values was based on the Mann-Whitney U test and the chi-square.; a Cognitive dysfunction was defined as a score greater than 1.5 of standard deviation below the corresponding age, sex, and education-based Korean norms on the Mini-Mental State Examination. b Cognitive impairment was defined as a score greater than 1.5 of standard deviation below the corresponding age, sex and education-based Korean norms, in any of the four cognitive domains (processing speed, executive function, verbal episodic memory, and working memory).