Table 3.
Associations between sarcopenia and impairment of different cognitive domains in men (n = 975).
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | |||
| Impaired processing speed | |||
| AWGS-defined sarcopenia | |||
| Low muscle mass (n = 485) | 1.13 (0.52–2.47) | 1.09 (0.98–1.20) | 0.89 (0.35–2.21) |
| Weakness (n = 118) | 4.08 (1.78–9.34) | 3.44 (1.42–8.34) | 3.11 (1.22–7.90) |
| Slow gait speed (n = 47) | 6.64(2.53–17.43) | 5.44 (1.96–15.1) | 5.54 (1.84–16.64) |
| Sarcopenia (n = 94) | 4.46 (1.88–10.56) | 3.74 (1.45–9.61) | 3.46 (1.24–9.65) |
| FNIH-defined sarcopenia | |||
| Sarcopenia (n = 76) | 3.78 (1.47–9.69) | 3.02 (1.10–8.26) | 3.00 (1.08–8.42) |
| Sarcopenia (slow gait speed) (n = 11) | 8.70 (1.78–42.46) | 5.77 (1.09–30.5) | 4.47 (0.79–25.69) |
| EWGSOP2-defined sarcopenia | |||
| Sarcopenia (n = 111) | 3.65 (1.55–8.61) | 3.00 (1.17–7.66) | 2.75 (1.01–7.65) |
| Severe Sarcopenia (n = 13) | 7.11 (1.49–33.8) | 4.87 (0.95–24.92) | 3.56 (0.59–21.37) |
| Impaired executive function | |||
| AWGS-defined sarcopenia | |||
| Low muscle mass | 1.68 (1.04–2.73) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 1.11 (0.65–1.90) |
| Weakness | 2.63 (1.48–4.65) | 2.64 (1.45–4.83) | 2.25 (1.19–4.25) |
| Slow gait speed | 3.20 (1.48–6.90) | 3.11 (1.40–6.91) | 3.33 (1.39–7.94) |
| Sarcopenia | 3.58 (1.99–6.36) | 3.86 (2.04–7.29) | 2.98 (1.51–5.89) |
| FNIH-defined sarcopenia | |||
| Sarcopenia | 1.75 (0.84–3.68) | 1.68 (0.78–3.63) | 1.63 (0.72–3.69) |
| Sarcopenia (slow gait speed) | 4.79 (1.24–18.46) | 4.41 (1.10–17.7) | 5.06 (1.07–23.89) |
| EWGSOP2-defined sarcopenia | |||
| Sarcopenia | 3.36 (1.93–5.88) | 3.65 (1.98–6.73) | 2.78 (1.45–5.31) |
| Severe Sarcopenia | 5.75 (1.73–19.15) | 5.46 (1.58–18.87) | 4.80 (1.17–19.70) |
| Impaired working memory | |||
| AWGS-defined sarcopenia | |||
| Low muscle mass | 0.62 (0.39–0.97) | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 0.54 (0.32–0.90) |
| Weakness | 1.73 (0.72–1.92) | 1.14 (0.60–2.15) | 1.01 (0.58–2.14) |
| Slow gait speed | 2.17 (0.98–4.81) | 1.67 (0.74–3.86) | 1.69 (0.71–4.00) |
| Sarcopenia | 1.38 (0.71–2.71) | 1.07 (0.53–2.18) | 1.06 (0.50–2.23) |
| FNIH-defined sarcopenia | |||
| Sarcopenia | 1.20 (0.56–2.06) | 0.93 (0.42–2.07) | 0.88 (0.39–1.99) |
| Sarcopenia (slow gait speed) | 3.88 (1.01–14.89) | 2.58 (0.64–10.41) | 2.19 (0.51–9.43) |
| EWGSOP2-defined sarcopenia | |||
| Sarcopenia | 1.12 (0.58–2.20) | 0.85 (0.42–1.72) | 0.81 (0.39–1.68) |
| Severe Sarcopenia | 1.85 (0.40–8.49) | 1.24 (0.26–5.98) | 1.01 (0.19–5.29) |
| Impaired verbal episodic memory | |||
| AWGS-defined sarcopenia | |||
| Low muscle mass | 1.18 (0.68–2.06) | 1.01 (0.94–1.08) | 0.88 (0.46–1.67) |
| Weakness | 1.75 (0.86–3.59) | 1.96 (0.92–4.16) | 1.85 (0.84–4.06) |
| Slow gait speed | 3.36 (1.43–7.90) | 3.86 (1.57–9.45) | 3.71 (1.43–9.62) |
| Sarcopenia | 2.01 (0.95–4.27) | 2.28 (1.01–5.11) | 2.00 (0.84–4.75) |
| FNIH-defined sarcopenia | |||
| Sarcopenia | 1.55 (0.64–3.76) | 1.67 (0.67–4.19) | 1.70 (0.66–4.39) |
| Sarcopenia (slow gait speed) | 3.98 (0.84–18.89) | 4.96 (0.98–25.10) | 3.89 (0.69–21.78) |
| EWGSOP2-defined sarcopenia | |||
| Sarcopenia | 1.89 (0.92–3.88) | 2.15 (0.99–4.67) | 1.92 (0.84–4.38) |
| Severe Sarcopenia | 4.37 (0.94–20.31) | 3.71 (0.76–18.02) | 2.36 (0.44–12.85) |
Notes: Model 1: Unadjusted; Model 2: Adjusted for age and education; Model 3: Further adjusted for smoking status, alcohol intake, Mini Nutritional Assessment Screening score (≤11), low physical activity, body mass index, number of comorbidities, depressive symptoms, and self-reported health status (good vs. poor).