Figure 1.

Citrate inhibits the growth of human pharyngeal squamous carcinoma (PSC) cells. (A,B) Cytotoxic and growth-inhibitory effects of citrate on PSC cells. The cells were treated with vehicle or the indicated concentrations of citrate for the indicated periods of time. Cell viability and proliferation were determined by flow cytometric analysis of propidium iodide (PI) uptake and MTT assay, respectively. The values are presented as the means ± standard error of three independent experiments. * p < 0.05: significantly different from vehicle (−)-treated cells.