Table 2.

Analytical characteristics of doxorubicin determination with electrochemical sensors and DNA sensors.

Modifier	Concentration Range	LOD, nM	Ref.
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes	0.09–7.36 µM	3	[24]
Carbon black, Cu nanoparticles, Nafion	0.46–5.1 µM	24	[46]
Ag nanoparticles, carbon dots on reduced graphene oxide	1.0 µM–10 nM	2	[47]
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes, poly(lysine)	2.5 nM–0.25 µM	1	[48]
Poly(arginine)	69 nM–1.08 µM	0.1	[49]
Poly(taurine), β-cyclodextrin and graphene quantum dots	0.086–3.45 μM	12	[50]
Aptamer against doxorubicin	31–125 nM	28 nM	[51]
Polyaniline, DNA	0.1 nM–0.2 mM	0.01	[25]
Poly(Neutral red), pillar [5]arene, DNA	0.01–100 µM	0.1	[52]
Poly(Azure B)	0.1 µM–0.3 nM	0.1	This work