Table 1.

Plant species containing essential oils with antispasmodic activity demonstrated in preclinical studies.

No.	Plant Species with Essential Oils	Experimental Model/Concentration of EO in Organ Bath	Mechanism of Antispasmodic Effect	Reference
	Anacardiaceae
1.	Pistacia integerrima—zebrawood	Isolated guinea pig ileum/50 μg/mL	Inhibition of Ca2+ channels	Shirole et al., 2015 [9]
	Annonaceae
2.	Cananga odorata var. genuina—ylang ylang	Isolated rat bladder/0.05 mL/20 mL; white rabbit bladder in vivo/0.01–0.05 mL/rabbit ∗	Increase of cAMP	Kim et al., 2003 [10]
3.	Xylopia frutescens	Isolated guinea pig ileum/3–729 μg/mL	Inhibition of Ca2+channels; antagonism of histaminergic receptors	Souza et al., 2015 [11]
4.	Xylopia langsdorffiana	Isolated guinea pig ileum; isolated rat uterus/243–729 μg/mL	Decrease in cytosolic calcium concentration	Correia et al., 2015 [12]
	Apiaceae
5.	Anethum graveolens—dill	Isolated rat ileum/0.5–2 mg/mL	Inhibition of Ca2+ channels	Gharib Naseri et al., 2007 [13]
6.	Carum carvi—caraway	Isolated guinea pig ileum/2.20–6.63 mg/mL; Dispersed smooth muscle cells of guinea pigs/2.5 mg/mL	Not available	Heinle et al., 2006 [14]; Al-Essa et al., 2010 [15]
7.	Coriandrum sativum—coriander	Isolated rabbit jejunum/ 1–30 mg/mL	Inhibition of Ca2+ channels	Jabeen at al., 2009 [16]
8.	Ferula heuffelii Griseb.	Isolated rat ileum/ 75–250 μg/mL	Not available	Pavlovic et al., 2012 [17]
9.	Foeniculum vulgare—fennel	Isolated rat uterus/10–40 mg/mL	Not available	Ostad et al., 2001 [18]
10.	Pimpinella anisum—aniseed	Isolated rat anococcygeus muscle/5–50 μg/mL	Activation of NO-cGMP pathway	Tirapelli et al., 2007 [19]
	Araceae
11.	Acorus calamus—sweet flag, calamus	Isolated rabbit jejunum/ 0.3–1 mg/mL	Inhibition of Ca2+ channels	Gilani et al., 2006 [20]
	Asteraceae
12.	Artemisia dracunculus—tarragon	Isolated sheep ruminal and abomasal smooth muscles/0.1–100 μg/mL	Not available	Jalilzadeh-Amin et al., 2012 [21]
13.	Chamaemelum nobile—roman chamomile	Isolated guinea pig ileum/60 μg/mL	Direct smooth muscle relaxation	Sandor et al., 2018 [22]
14.	Chrysactinia mexicana—damianita daisy	Isolated rabbit ileum/30 μg/mL	Inhibition of Ca2+ channels; increase of cAMP	Zavala-Mendoza et al., 2016 [23]
15.	Hofmeisteria schaffneri	Gastrointestinal transit test in mouse (in vivo)/316 mg/kg ∗	Not available	Perez-Vasquez et al., 2017 [24]
16.	Matricaria recutita (chamomila)—German chamomile	Isolated rabbit jejunum/0.3–3 mg/mL	K+ channels activation	Mehmood et al., 2015 [25]
	Geraniaceae
17.	Pelargonium graveolens—geranium	Isolated guinea pig ileum/ 4.8–6 μg/mL	Reduction of calcium flux into the intestinal smooth muscles	Lis-Balchin et al., 1997 [26]
	Lamiaceae
18.	Lavandula angustifolia—true lavender	Isolated guinea pig ileum, isolated rat uterus/6 μg/mL	Increase of cAMP	Lis-Balchin and Hart, 1999 [27]
19.	Melissa officinalis—melissa	Isolated rat ileum/20 μg/mL; isolated mouse jejunum/1–50 mg/mL	Inhibition of Ca2+ channels; Not available	Sadraei et al., 2003 [28]; Aubert et al., 2016 [29]
20.	Mentha x piperita—peppermint	Isolated guinea pig ileum; isolated rat ileum/10–320 μL/mL	Inhibition of Ca2+ channels; Inhibition of 5HT3 receptor channels	Grigoleit et al., 2005 [30]; Heimes et al., 2011 [31]
21.	Mentha spicata—spearmint	Isolated guinea pig ileum/0.1 nM–10 μM	Inhibition of Ca2+channels	Souza et al., 2013 [32]
22.	Mentha x villosa—mojito mint	Isolated guinea pig ileum/0.9 μM–2.5 μM	Not available	De Sousa et al., 2008 [33]
23.	Ocimum basilicum—basil	Isolated guinea pig ileum/3–10 mg/mL	Inhibition of Ca2+ channels	Janbaz et al., 2014 [34]
24.	Ocimum selloi—green pepperbasil	Isolated guinea pig ileum/250 μg/mL–1 mg/mL	Inhibition of Ca2+ channels	Souza et al., 2015 [35]
25.	Ocimum gratissimum—African basil	Isolated guinea pig ileum/0.1–1000 μg/mL	Not available	Madeira et al., 2002 [36]
26.	Origanum majorana—sweet marjoram	Isolated rabbit jejunum, isolated rat jejunum/0.01–0.3 mg/mL	Inhibition of Ca2+ channels	Makrane et al., 2018 [37]
27.	Plectranthus barbatus synonym Coleus forskohlii—Indian coleus	Isolated guinea pig ileum/1–300 μg/mL	Direct smooth muscle relaxation	Camara et al., 2003 [38]
28.	Rosmarinus officinalis —rosemary	Isolated guinea pig ileum/150–1200 μg/mL	Inhibition of Ca2+ channels	Ventura-Martinez et al., 2011 [39]
29.	Salvia officinalis—sage	Isolated rabbit jejunum/0.1–3 mg/mL	K+ channels activation	Khan et al., 2011 [40]
30.	Satureja hortensis—summer savory	Isolated rat ileum/1.55 μg/mL	Not available	Hajhashemi et al., 2000 [41]
	Poaceae
31.	Cymbopogon citratus—lemongrass	Isolated rabbit ileum/0.001–1 mg/mL	Inhibition of Ca2+ channels	Devi et al., 2011 [42]
32.	Cymbopogon schoenantus (L.) Spreng.—camelgrass	Isolated rat ileum/30–120 μg/mL	Not available	Pavlovic et al., 2017 [43]
33.	Cymbopogon martinii —palmarosa	Isolated rabbit jejunum/0.01–3 mg/mL	Inhibition of Ca2+ channels	Janbaz et al., 2014 [44]
	Rosaceae
34.	Rosa indica (L.)	Isolated rabbit jejunum/0.01–1 mg/mL	Inhibition of Ca2+ channels	Rasheed et al., 2015 [45]
	Rutaceae
35.	Citrus aurantifolia var. acida—lime	Isolated rabbit jejunum/Not available	Not available	Spadaro et al., 2012 [46]
36.	Citrus aurantium var. sinensis—sweet orange	Isolated rat ileum/9.7–1000 μg/mL	Not available	Sanchez-Recillas et al., 2017 [47]
	Verbenaceae
37.	Lippia alba	Isolated rat ileum/7–37 mg/mL	Reduction of calcium influx, stimulation of NO production	Blanco et al., 2013 [48]
38.	Lippia thymoides	Isolated guinea pig ileum/11.56–48.83 μg/mL	Not available	Menezes et al., 2018 [49]
	Zingiberaceae
39.	Elettaria cardamomum—cardamom	Isolated rabbit jejunum/3–10 mg/mL	Inhibition of Ca2+ channels	Gilani et al., 2008 [50]

∗ For the in vivo experimental models dose of essentials oils (EO) was expressed in mL/animal or mg/kg.