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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) catalyze aminoacyl (AA)-tRNA formation in two steps. First, the aminoacyl adenylate (AA-AMP) is formed and the pyrophosphate (PPi) is released. Next, the oxygen atom from the ribose hydroxyl group of the tRNA attacks the carbonyl carbon of the AA-AMP, forming AA-tRNA with the release of AMP.
