Table 1.
Selected carbohydrate and protein fermentation products in the cecum digesta and feces of rats fed the four different diets (high-protein meat, HPM; high-amylose potato starch, HAPS; high-amylose maize starch, HAMS; butyrylated high-amylose maize starch, HAMSB). Least square mean values with their standard errors, n = 10 per group.
| HPM | HAPS | HAMS | HAMSB | SEM | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cecum, concentration | ||||||
| Acetate, µmol/g | 51.0 b | 60.4 a | 61.7 a | 47.7 b | 3.6 | <0.01 |
| Propionate, µmol/g | 11.2 | 11.5 | 10.2 | 9.8 | 0.6 | 0.22 |
| Butyrate, µmol/g | 12.1 d | 18.9 b | 15.1 c | 23.9 a | 1.5 | <0.001 |
| Total org. acids 1, µmol/g | 79.8 c | 97.5 a | 92.3 ab | 86.3 bc | 4.1 | 0.03 |
| BCFA 2, µmol/g | 2.2 a | 1.9 a | 1.5 b | 1.0 c | 0.1 | <0.001 |
| p-cresol, µg/g | 14.4 a | 10.0 ab | 7.7 b | 6.5 b | 1.7 | 0.02 |
| Phenol, µg/g | 8.1 a | 6.9 a | 1.6 b | 5.5 a | 1.4 | 0.01 |
| Indole, µg/g | 19.7 ab | 20.9 a | 13.5 c | 16.0 bc | 1.5 | <0.01 |
| Cecum, pool | ||||||
| Cecum digesta, g, wet weight |
1.8 b | 1.9 b | 2.4 a | 2.6 a | 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Acetate, µmol | 89 c | 113 b | 156 a | 125 b | 7 | <0.001 |
| Propionate, µmol | 20 | 21 | 24 | 26 | 2 | 0.12 |
| Butyrate, µmol | 21 c | 35 b | 36 b | 62 a | 3 | <0.001 |
| Total org. acids 1, µmol | 139 c | 181 b | 233 a | 226 a | 11 | <0.001 |
| BCFA 2, µmol | 3.8 a | 3.7 a | 3.4 ab | 2.5 b | 0.4 | 0.05 |
| p-cresol, µg | 26 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 3 | 0.19 |
| Phenol, µg | 14 a | 18 a | 4 b | 16 a | 3 | 0.03 |
| Indole, µg | 34 | 39 | 32 | 42 | 4 | 0.23 |
| Feces, concentration | ||||||
| Acetate, µmol/g | 31.7 b | 38.3 b | 61.3 a | 68.6 a | 4.8 | <0.001 |
| Propionate, µmol/g | 3.4 b | 3.1 b | 3.7 b | 7.7 a | 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Butyrate, µmol/g 4 | 0.78 b [0.51;1.19] |
0.73 b [0.48;1.09] |
1.1 b [0.78;1.67] |
16.0 a [0.48;1.09] |
<0.001 | |
| Total org. acids 1, µmol/g | 43.5 b | 51.3 b | 138.4 a | 115.0 a | 8.5 | <0.001 |
| BCFA 1, µmol/g 4 | 0.94 ab [0.68;1.28] |
1.40 a [1.02;1.92] |
0.60 bc [0.39;0.91] |
0.54 c [0.39;0.76] |
<0.01 | |
| p-cresol, µg/g | 25.7 a | 18.8 b | 5.2 c | 15.1 b | 1.6 | <0.001 |
| Phenol, µg/g 5 | 4.3 | 3.6 | 0.0 | 0.59 | 1.4 | 0.08 |
| Indole, µg/g | 19.2 a | 14.3 b | 1.5 d | 8.8 c | 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Feces pool | ||||||
| Feces 3, g wet weight/d |
2.3 c | 2.8 c | 3.4 b | 4.8 a | 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Acetate, µmol | 73 c | 103 c | 206 b | 329 a | 24 | <0.001 |
| Propionate, µmol 4 | 7 b [5.4;9.9] |
9 b [6.3;11.5] |
12 b [8.6;15.6] |
40 a [27.4;50.0] |
<0.001 | |
| Butyrate, µmol 4 | 2 b [1.2;2.7] |
2 b [1.4;3.0] |
4 b [2.6;5.4] |
64 a [43.3;93.2] |
<0.001 | |
| Total org. acids, µmol | 101 b | 137 b | 448 a | 547 a | 42 | <0.001 |
| BCFA 1, µmol 4 | 2.2 [1.52;3.05] |
3.8 [2.69;5.38] |
1.9 [1.21;3.09] |
2.5 [1.74;3.60] |
0.08 | |
| p-cresol, µg | 60 a | 50 a | 17 b | 64 a | 5 | <0.001 |
| Phenol, µg 5 | 16 | 10 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 0.16 |
| Indole, µg | 44 a | 39 a | 5 b | 41 a | 3 | <0.001 |
a,b,c,d Mean values within a row with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (p < 0.05). 1 Total organic acids = sum of formate, acetate, propionate, burtyrate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, isocaproate, lactate, and succinate 2 Branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) = sum of iso-butyrate and iso-valerate. 3 Wet weight calculated over a five day period during week 3 (individual housing in metabolism cages). 4 Presented as least squares (LS)means ± 95% confidence intervals, due to logarithmic transformation of data. 5 Only 10 of the 40 observations were over the detection limit for phenol.