Table 8.

Example of potential incorrect maneuvers that leads to injury which can be monitored via sensors for different sports.

Biomechanical Factors Leading to Injury	Sport	Motion and Possible Injury Example	Sensors
Falls	ALL	Dangerous drop of body weight or collision	IMU
Excessive loads on leg (feet, knees)	Football Basketball American football/Rugby Cycling/Athletics Ice hockey/Figure skating	Dangerous running methods Excessive jumping (vertical) Incorrect agile sprints Unbalance loads on feet Dangerous skating elevations	IMU, pressure
Excessive load on arm (forearm, biceps, hands)	Boxing Baseball Basketball	Incorrect contact elevation Consecutive fast ball pitching Slam Incorrect pitching balance can lead to loads on joints Dunking too hard	IMU, pressure
Stress	ALL	Irregular heart/respiratory rate, blood pressure	Heart rate monitor, IR sensor
Arm speed	Tennis Baseball/Golf	Incorrect rapid dangerous incident angle swings Sudden irregular forward swings	Gyroscope, Accelerometer
Kick speed	Football/American football/Rugby	Improper technique can lead to cramps	Gyroscope, Accelerometer
Angular Collision	American football/Ice hockey/Rugby	Due to tackling nature, concussions occur	Gyroscope, Accelerometer
Excessive rotation arm	Baseball Tennis Boxing	rapid curve ball/slider pitching/Backswing motion (batting) Dangerous serving, back hand strokes. Too fast in combinations can exert force incorrectly on joints	Gyroscope, Accelerometer
Excessive rotation leg	Cycling Football/Rugby/American Football	Incorrect balance whilst pedalling Vigorous kick elevation can cause muscle strains	Gyroscope, Accelerometer
Abnormal body temperature	ALL (water sports included)	Change in body temperature can be due to an accident or environmental conditions	Thermistor GPS