Table 2.

Echocardiogram characteristics of collegiate football players

Echo metric (mm)	Overall	Race		Mean difference (95% CI)	Effect size Cohen’s d	Position group		Mean difference (95% CI)	Effect size Cohen’s d
		Black	White			Non-linemen	Linemen
	Mean (SD) (range)	Mean (SD) (range)			Mean (SD) (range)
LVEDD	52.4 (4.5) (34.0–69.3)	51.9 (4.4) (39.8–66.0)	53.1 (4.6) (34.0–69.3)	1.2 (0.3 to 2.1)	0.27*	51.5 (4.3) (34.0–62.0)	53.9 (4.4) (45.0–69.3)	2.4 (1.5 to 3.3)	0.55**
IVSD	10.1 (1.4) (6.0–15.0)	10.3 (1.4) (6.8–15.0)	9.8 (1.4) (6.0–13.9)	0.5 (0.2 to 0.8)	0.34*	9.8 (1.3) (6.0–14.0)	10.6 (1.4) (7.4–15.0)	0.8 (0.5 to 1.1)	0.62**

Sample size (n) for LVEDD and IVSD: overall (375), black (216), white (158), non-linemen (238) and linemen (137).

*P<0.01, **p<0.001.

IVSD, interventricular septum diameter; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastole diameter.