Table 2.
Socioeconomic/lifestyle factors and sex-age-adjusted odds ratios of depressive tendencies (Kessler 6 ≥ 9) in Japanese men and women aged 20 years and older. NIPPON DATA2010 baseline survey (n = 2681)
| n/total n (%) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| Men | 67/1152 (5.8) | Reference |
| Women | 126/1529 (8.2) | 1.41*† (1.04–1.92) |
| Family status | ||
| Married | 134/2061 (6.5) | Reference |
| Single living with family | 32/348 (9.2) | 1.23 (0.81–1.86) |
| Single living alone | 27/272 (9.9) | 1.74* (1.12–2.71) |
| Working status | ||
| Working | 113/1377 (8.2) | Reference |
| Not working aged < 60 years | 31/289 (10.7) | 1.11 (0.72–1.74) |
| Not working aged ≥ 60 years | 49/1015 (4.8) | 0.59* (0.38–0.90) |
| Equivalent household expenditure per month‡ | ||
| Q1 | 46/601 (7.7) | 1.31 (0.85–2.03) |
| Q2 | 41/671 (6.1) | Reference |
| Q3 | 49/654 (7.5) | 1.25 (0.81–1.92) |
| Q4 | 45/625 (7.2) | 1.23 (0.79–1.90) |
| No answer | 12/130 (9.2) | 1.58 (0.80–3.09) |
| Health insurance | ||
| National | 93/1419 (6.6) | Reference |
| Employee’s | 92/1218 (7.6) | 0.83 (0.58–1.18) |
| Other/no answer | 8/44 (18.2) | 2.81* (1.26–6.28) |
| Drinking status | ||
| Non-drinker | 99/1242 (8.0) | Reference |
| Ex-drinker | 2/53 (3.8) | 0.53 (0.13–2.21) |
| < 2 gou§/day | 78/1219 (6.4) | 0.82 (0.59–1.13) |
| ≥ 2 gou/day | 14/167 (8.4) | 1.22 (0.65–2.29) |
| Smoking status | ||
| Non-smoker | 122/1746 (7.0) | Reference |
| Ex-smoker | 27/529 (5.1) | 0.99 (0.61–1.59) |
| Current smoker | 44/406 (10.8) | 1.97* (1.30–2.99) |
| History of cardiovascular disease ‖ | ||
| No | 173/2479 (7.0) | Reference |
| Yes | 20/202 (9.9) | 2.07* (1.24–3.47) |
CI, confidence interval
*P value < 0.05 was considered to be significant
†Odds ratio was adjusted for age only
‡Calculated as monthly household expenditure divided by square root of the number of family members
§Unit of alcohol beverage equivalent to 23 g of ethanol
‖Stroke, myocardial infarction, or angina pectoris