Table 1.
Characterictics and gait parameters of participants by gender
| Variable | Total | Women | Men | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 378) | (n = 210, 55.6%) | (n = 168, 44.4%) | ||
| Age (in years) | 71.7 ± 4.2 | 72.1 ± 4.4 | 71.3 ± 3.9 | 0.08 |
| Weight (in kilograms) | 57.8 ± 9.8 | 52.8 ± 7.7 | 64.1 ± 8.5 | < 0.001 |
| Height (in meters) | 1.57 ± 0.09 | 1.51 ± 0.05 | 1.64 ± 0.06 | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index (in kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 2.9 | 23.2 ± 3.0 | 23.7 ± 2.8 | 0.14 |
| Medical history, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 83 (40.3) | 83 (40.3) | 70 (42.4) | 0.75 |
| Diabetes | 18 (8.7) | 18 (8.7) | 19 (11.5) | 0.39 |
| Heart disease | 18 (8.7) | 18 (8.7) | 23 (13.9) | 0.13 |
| Respiratory disease | 14 (6.8) | 14 (6.8) | 9 (5.5) | 0.67 |
| Older-old adult (aged ≥75 years), n (%) | 96 (25.4) | 63 (30.0) | 33 (19.6) | 0.02 |
| Impaired lower-extremity strength (5CS > 11.1 s), n = 376, n (%) | 43 (11.4) | 20 (9.6) | 23 (13.7) | 0.25 |
| Impaired balance (tandem test < 3 s), n = 369, n (%) | 38 (10.3) | 24 (11.7) | 14 (8.5) | 0.39 |
| Fall history in the previous year (faller), n = 377, n (%) | 65 (17.2) | 47 (22.5) | 18 (10.7) | 0.003 |
| FoF (yes), n = 372, n (%) | 96 (25.8) | 78 (37.7) | 18 (10.9) | < 0.001 |
| Walking speed (in meters/second) | 1.40 ± 0.20 | 1.41 ± 0.18 | 1.40 ± 0.21 | 0.67 |
| Mean stride time (in seconds) | 0.98 ± 0.08 | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 1.02 ± 0.08 | < 0.001 |
| % swing time | 41.9 ± 2.3 | 41.9 ± 2.2 | 41.9 ± 2.4 | 0.94 |
| CV of stride time, % | 1.97 ± 1.00 | 1.97 ± 1.03 | 1.98 ± 0.95 | 0.87 |
| CV of swing time, % | 3.11 ± 1.54 | 3.04 ± 1.49 | 3.20 ± 1.60 | 0.29 |
| AC-VT | 0.86 ± 0.09 | 0.86 ± 0.10 | 0.86 ± 0.08 | 0.77 |
| AC-ML | 0.69 ± 0.14 | 0.70 ± 0.15 | 0.67 ± 0.13 | 0.03 |
| AC-AP | 0.85 ± 0.09 | 0.86 ± 0.10 | 0.85 ± 0.08 | 0.40 |
| HR-VT | 3.37 ± 0.87 | 3.40 ± 0.87 | 3.33 ± 0.88 | 0.44 |
| HR-ML | 2.26 ± 0.67 | 2.38 ± 0.69 | 2.11 ± 0.60 | < 0.001 |
| HR-AP | 3.66 ± 1.01 | 3.87 ± 1.02 | 3.39 ± 0.94 | < 0.001 |
Values are means ± standard deviations or percentages. P-values were calculated using unpaired t-tests or χ2 tests by gender
FoF: fear of falling, 5CS: five-chair-stand test; tandem test: tandem stand test, CV: coefficient of variation, AC: autocorrelation coefficient, VT: vertical, ML: mediolateral, AP: anteroposterior, HR: harmonic ratio