FIGURE 5.
PF decreased HG-induced BMDM differentiation toward a proinflammatory phenotype. (A) BMDM activation analysis showing the effects of PF on the expression of macrophage surface markers in HG-induced BMDMs. F4/80 and CD11b are surface markers of macrophages, and CD11c is considered a marker of M1-type macrophages. The markers were assessed by flow cytometry. The results are expressed as the mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments. ∗∗P < 0.01 vs. the LG group; ##P < 0.01 vs. the HG group; ▲▲P < 0.01 vs. the TLR4-/-+HG group; NS: not significant. (B) The coexpression of TLR4 and iNOS in HG-induced BMDMs assessed by confocal microscopy. The effects of PF on the expression of TLR4 signaling pathway molecules and activation of macrophages in HG-induced BMDMs were evaluated by confocal microscopy analysis.