Table 2.

Results from AMOVA test for pairwise population comparison over time

	Western Europe	ΦST	p ΦST	Eastern Europe
Modern	n = 32	0.391	0.001	n = 265
10,000–0 cal. years B.P.	n = 32	0.288	0.001	n = 45
20,000–10,000 cal. years B.P.	n = 17	0.266	0.001	n = 13
>20,000 cal. years B.P.	n = 24	0.00	0.324	n = 9

Western Europe included samples from the Iberian Peninsula, France, British Isles, Belgium, and the North Sea. Eastern Europe included central Europe and the Balkans (see Figure 3). Regions further east and Scandinavia were excluded due to limited sample representation over time.