Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2019 May 22;9:421. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00421

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2019 Cheng, Wang, Fu and Xu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Activated factors and functions of M2 macrophages. The M2a type is induced by IL-4 or IL-13 (promotes tissue repair through the secretion of ECM); the M2b type is induced by exposure to ICs and agonists of TLRs or IL-1R (participates in anti-inflammatory responses and functions in immunoregulation); the M2c type is induced by glucocorticoid hormones and IL-10 (suppresses immune responses and tissue remodeling). M2d (TAMs) macrophages induced by adenosine, LIF and IL-6 are believed to induce angiogenesis to regulate tumor progression and enhance tumor survival. IL, interleukin; ECM, Extracellular matrix; ICs, immune complexes; TLRs, Toll-like receptors; IL-1R, interleukin-1 receptor; TAM, tumor-associated macrophage; LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor.