Table 4.

Effect sizes (Cohens d) for differences in HbO₂ during turning and walking between groups.

Task	Time	PFC region	YA vs. OA	YA vs. PD	OA vs. PD
Turning	Overall	B/L	0.08	0.24	0.16
		L	0.28	0.36	0.07
		R	0.17	0.18	0.03
	Early	B/L	0.86	1.21	0.22
	Late	B/L	0.09	0.16	0.07
Walking	Overall	B/L	0.03	0.72	0.62
		L	0.25	0.77	0.52
		R	0.08	0.55	0.45
	Early	B/L	0.13	0.86	0.71
	Late	B/L	0.10	0.48	0.35

Bold indicates effect size > 0.50 (medium effect). PFC, pre-frontal cortex; YA, young adults; OA, older adults; PD, Parkinson's disease; B/L, bilateral; L, left; R, right.