Table 3.
Table showing the results of a maximum likelihood estimated model predicting developmental changes in performance. Parameter estimates include the estimated coefficient (Estimate) of the fixed effects, the Variance of random effects and Chi-square statistics (χ2). Chi-square statistics are associated with pairwise model comparisons with (full model) versus without the effect of interest, where the model without the effect of interest includes all other effects. Planned comparisons test age-related differences in naming effects (age* test period), in each learning (auditory versus visual) and test (same modality versus cross-modality) condition.
| Parameters | ||
|---|---|---|
| Estimate (SE) | Chi-square statistics | |
| FIXED EFFECTS | ||
| Main effects and interactions | ||
| Learning | 04.69 (02.59) | χ2(8, N = 64) = 13.15, p < .11 |
| Test condition | −00.45 (02.51) | χ2(8, N = 64) = 01.01, p < .99 |
| Test period | 12.31 (02.39) | χ2(8, N = 64) = 39.99, p < .01 |
| Age | 02.19 (02.68) | χ2(8, N = 64) = 06.88, p < .55 |
| Age* learning | −05.21 (05.13) | χ2(4, N = 64) = 07.11, p < .13 |
| Age* test condition | 03.39 (05.00) | χ2(4, N = 64) = 03.39, p < .49 |
| Age* test period | 12.68 (04.39) | χ2(4, N = 64) = 09.32, p < .05 |
| Age* test period* learning | 17.97 (09.61) | χ2(2, N = 64) = 06.11, p < .04 |
| Age* test period* test condition | 07.83 (08.31) | χ2 < 1 |
| Age* test period* learning* test condition | 05.31 (16.47) | χ2< 1 |
| Variance (SD) | Chi-square statistics | |
| RANDOM EFFECTS | ||
| Subjects on intercepts | 00.01 (00.01) | χ2 < 1 |
| Items on intercepts | 00.63 (00.54) | χ2 < 1 |
| Subjects on the slope of the test condition | 00.42 (00.38) | χ2 < 1 |
| Subjects on the slope of the test period | 00.49 (00.58) | χ2 < 1 |
| Estimate (SE) | Chi-square statistics | |
| PLANNED COMPARISONS | ||
| Auditory | ||
| Overall | 03.61 (06.41) | χ2 < 1 |
| Same modality | 01.12 (10.22) | χ2 < 1 |
| Cross-modality | 06.20 (09.08) | χ2(2, N = 32) = 01.29, p = .52 |
| Visual | ||
| Overall | 21.31 (05.98) | χ2(2, N = 32) = 12.95, p < .01 |
| Same modality | 15.53 (08.89) | χ2(2, N = 32) = 05.82, p = .05 |
| Cross-modality | 26.83 (08.97) | χ2(2, N = 32) = 12.43, p < .01 |