Table 2:

Candidate biomarkers yield from –omics studies and have shown association with DKD progression.

Marker	Outcome measure	Pathway	Integration	Study
Urinary EGF	Composite endpoint of ESRD or 40% eGFR reduction, eGFR slope	Cell growth & Regeneration	Transcriptomics & protein & quantitative morphometry	Ju et al.[23] Nair et al.[25]
	Rapid decline in eGFR, onset of eGFR less than 60	Cell growth & Regeneration	Proteomics from rodent model & validate in patient study	Betz et al [18].
Urinary CKD273 classifier	Onset of microalbuminuria, Rapid decline in eGFR	Fibrosis & ECM degradation	Proteomics	Lindhardt et al. [30] Pontillo[69]
Urinary TCA cycle metabolites	Onset of eGFR <65	Mitochondrial metabolism	Transcriptomics & metabolomics rodent model & validation in patient study	Sas et al.[26]
Plasma uremic solutes and essential amino acids	ESRD	Purine metabolism and Amino acids metabolism	Metabolomics	Niewszas et al.[28]
Serum 7 modified metabolites	ESRD, eGFR decline	Metabolism Underlie acetylation or c- glycosylation	Metabolomics	Niewczas et al/[27]
Serum diacyglycerols and monoacylglyxerol	ESRD	Dysregulation of Classical pathways of lipolysis	Lipidomics	Afshinnia et al. [29]