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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 May 29.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Cell Biol. 2018 Jun 27;20(7):745–754. doi: 10.1038/s41556-018-0124-1

Figure 3. Mitochondria balance redox equivalents.

Figure 3.

In the absence of a direct mode for NAD transport, cells rely on compartmentalized flux of metabolites to support balance of reducing equivalents NAD/NADH, and NADP/NADPH. Generally, redox shuttles favor cytosolic NAD+ synthesis and mitochondrial NADH synthesis. Enzymes and transporters have with the following abbreviations: Malate-aspartate shuttle. GOT1/2: Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, MDH1/2: malate dehydrogenase, ME1: malic enzyme 1, Glu-Asp antiporter: glutamate-aspartate antiporter, Malate-α-KG Antiporter: malate-α-ketoglutarate antiporter. Malate-citrate shuttle. ACLY: ATP citrate lyase, MDH1/2: malate dehydrogenase, CS: citrate synthase. α-glycerophosphate shuttle. (m/c)GPDH: mitochondrial/cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Folate Shuttle (1C Metabolism): MTHFD1/2: methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, SHMT1/2: serine hydroxymethyltransferase.