TABLE. Number and age-adjusted rate of drug overdose deaths* involving cocaine† and psychostimulants with abuse potential,§,¶ by opioid involvement,** sex, age group, race and Hispanic origin,†† U.S. Census region, urbanization level,§§ and selected states¶¶ — United States, 2016 and 2017.
| Decedent characteristic | Involving cocaine |
Involving psychostimulants with abuse potential |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 |
2017 |
Change from 2016 to 2017*** |
2016 |
2017 |
Change from 2016 to 2017*** |
|||
| No. (Rate) | No. (Rate) | Absolute rate change | % Change in rate | No. (Rate) | No. (Rate) | Absolute rate change | % Change in rate | |
|
Overall
|
10,375 (3.2)
|
13,942 (4.3)
|
1.1†††
|
34.4†††
|
7,542 (2.4)
|
10,333 (3.2)
|
0.8†††
|
33.3†††
|
|
With any opioid**
|
7,263 (2.3) |
10,131 (3.2) |
0.9††† |
39.1††† |
3,416 (1.1) |
5,203 (1.7) |
0.6††† |
54.5††† |
|
Sex
| ||||||||
| Male |
7,493 (4.7) |
10,021 (6.2) |
1.5††† |
31.9††† |
5,348 (3.4) |
7,240 (4.5) |
1.1††† |
32.4††† |
| Female |
2,882 (1.8) |
3,921 (2.5) |
0.7††† |
38.9††† |
2,194 (1.4) |
3,093 (1.9) |
0.5††† |
35.7††† |
|
Age group (yrs)
|
|
|||||||
| 0–14 |
§§§
|
§§§
|
§§§
|
§§§
|
11§§§ |
§§§
|
§§§
|
§§§
|
| 15–24 |
757 (1.7) |
924 (2.1) |
0.4††† |
23.5††† |
571 (1.3) |
780 (1.8) |
0.5††† |
38.5††† |
| 25–34 |
2,525 (5.7) |
3,463 (7.6) |
1.9††† |
33.3††† |
1,762 (3.9) |
2,593 (5.7) |
1.8††† |
46.2††† |
| 35–44 |
2,431 (6.0) |
3,282 (8.0) |
2.0††† |
33.3††† |
1,831 (4.5) |
2,548 (6.2) |
1.7††† |
37.8††† |
| 45–54 |
2,629 (6.1) |
3,497 (8.3) |
2.2††† |
36.1††† |
1,914 (4.5) |
2,477 (5.8) |
1.3††† |
28.9††† |
| 55–64 |
1,721 (4.2) |
2,335 (5.6) |
1.4††† |
33.3††† |
1,244 (3.0) |
1,648 (3.9) |
0.9††† |
30.0††† |
| ≥65 |
303 (0.6) |
432 (0.8) |
0.2††† |
33.3††† |
206 (0.4) |
278 (0.5) |
0.1††† |
25.0††† |
|
Sex/Age group (yrs)
| ||||||||
|
Male
| ||||||||
| 15–24 |
553 (2.5) |
633 (2.9) |
0.4††† |
16.0††† |
388 (1.7) |
499 (2.3) |
0.6††† |
35.3††† |
| 25–44 |
3,569 (8.3) |
4,784 (11.0) |
2.7††† |
32.5††† |
2,536 (5.9) |
3,551 (8.2) |
2.3††† |
39.0††† |
| 45–64 |
3,108 (7.6) |
4,229 (10.3) |
2.7††† |
35.5††† |
2,251 (5.5) |
2,955 (7.2) |
1.7††† |
30.9††† |
|
Female
| ||||||||
| 15–24 |
204 (1.0) |
291 (1.4) |
0.4††† |
40.0††† |
183 (0.9) |
281 (1.3) |
0.4††† |
44.4††† |
| 25–44 |
1,387 (3.3) |
1,961 (4.6) |
1.3††† |
39.4††† |
1,057 (2.5) |
1,590 (3.7) |
1.2††† |
48.0††† |
| 45–64 |
1,242 (2.9) |
1,603 (3.7) |
0.8††† |
27.6††† |
907 (2.1) |
1,170 (2.7) |
0.6††† |
28.6††† |
|
Race and Hispanic origin††
| ||||||||
| White, non-Hispanic |
6,443 (3.4) |
8,614 (4.6) |
1.2††† |
35.3††† |
5,777 (3.0) |
7,995 (4.2) |
1.2††† |
40.0††† |
| Black, non-Hispanic |
2,599 (6.1) |
3,554 (8.3) |
2.2††† |
36.1††† |
477 (1.2) |
663 (1.6) |
0.4††† |
33.3††† |
| Hispanic |
1,097 (2.0) |
1,438 (2.5) |
0.5††† |
25.0††† |
846 (1.5) |
1,125 (2.0) |
0.5††† |
33.3††† |
| American Indian/Alaska Native, non-Hispanic |
56 (2.1) |
65 (2.4) |
0.3 |
14.3 |
181 (6.9) |
222 (8.5) |
1.6††† |
23.2††† |
| Asian/Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic |
85 (0.4) |
129 (0.6) |
0.2 |
50.0 |
171 (0.8) |
218 (1.0) |
0.2††† |
25.0††† |
|
U.S. Census region of residence
| ||||||||
| Northeast |
2,957 (5.3) |
3,860 (7.0) |
1.7††† |
32.1††† |
431 (0.8) |
648 (1.2) |
0.4††† |
50.0††† |
| Midwest |
2,575 (3.9) |
3,711 (5.6) |
1.7††† |
43.6††† |
1,176 (1.9) |
1,959 (3.1) |
1.2††† |
63.2†††` |
| South |
4,005 (3.3) |
5,365 (4.4) |
1.1††† |
33.3††† |
2,483 (2.1) |
3,508 (3.0) |
0.9††† |
42.9††† |
| West |
838 (1.1) |
1,006 (1.3) |
0.2††† |
18.2††† |
3,452 (4.4) |
4,218 (5.3) |
0.9††† |
20.5††† |
|
County urbanization level
§§
|
|
|||||||
| Large central metro |
4,301 (4.2) |
5,513 (5.3) |
1.1††† |
26.2††† |
2,561 (2.5) |
3,178 (3.0) |
0.5††† |
20.0††† |
| Large fringe metro |
2,734 (3.5) |
3,701 (4.7) |
1.2††† |
34.3††† |
1,235 (1.6) |
1,843 (2.3) |
0.7††† |
43.8††† |
| Medium metro |
2,082 (3.2) |
2,945 (4.5) |
1.3††† |
40.6††† |
1,821 (2.8) |
2,672 (4.1) |
1.3††† |
46.4††† |
| Small metro |
569 (2.1) |
777 (2.9) |
0.8††† |
38.1††† |
698 (2.6) |
972 (3.6) |
1.0††† |
38.5††† |
| Micropolitan (non-metro) |
474 (1.9) |
740 (3.0) |
1.1††† |
57.9††† |
745 (3.0) |
994 (4.0) |
1.0††† |
33.3††† |
| Non-core (non-metro) |
215 (1.3) |
266 (1.6) |
0.3††† |
23.1††† |
482 (2.9) |
674 (4.1) |
1.2††† |
41.4††† |
|
States with very good to excellent reporting¶¶
(n = 27) | ||||||||
| Alaska |
15§§§ |
17§§§ |
§§§
|
§§§
|
49 (6.3) |
66 (9.1) |
2.8 |
44.4 |
| Connecticut |
237 (6.9) |
284 (8.4) |
1.5††† |
21.7††† |
25 (0.7) |
39 (1.2) |
0.5 |
71.4 |
| District of Columbia |
89 (13.5) |
122 (17.6) |
4.1 |
30.4 |
§§§
|
§§§
|
§§§
|
§§§
|
| Georgia |
209 (2.0) |
258 (2.4) |
0.4 |
20.0 |
243 (2.4) |
364 (3.6) |
1.2††† |
50.0††† |
| Hawaii |
§§§
|
10§§§ |
§§§
|
§§§
|
102 (6.8) |
106 (7.4) |
0.6 |
8.8 |
| Illinois |
507 (4.0) |
743 (5.7) |
1.7††† |
42.5††† |
112 (0.9) |
171 (1.4) |
0.5††† |
55.6††† |
| Iowa |
15§§§ |
19§§§ |
§§§
|
§§§
|
80 (2.7) |
93 (3.3) |
0.6 |
22.2 |
| Maine |
61 (5.0) |
94 (7.7) |
2.7 |
54.0 |
28 (2.3) |
44 (3.8) |
1.5 |
65.2 |
| Maryland |
314 (5.0) |
532 (8.6) |
3.6††† |
72.0††† |
43 (0.8) |
65 (1.2) |
0.4 |
50.0 |
| Massachusetts |
567 (8.5) |
687 (10.1) |
1.6††† |
18.8††† |
45 (0.7) |
64 (1.0) |
0.3 |
42.9 |
| Nevada |
37 (1.2) |
50 (1.6) |
0.4 |
33.3 |
228 (7.5) |
257 (8.3) |
0.8 |
10.7 |
| New Hampshire |
61 (5.0) |
51 (3.9) |
−1.1 |
−22.0 |
13§§§ |
26 (2.3) |
§§§
|
§§§
|
| New Mexico |
58 (3.0) |
57 (2.9) |
−0.1 |
−3.3 |
135 (7.1) |
158 (8.2) |
1.1 |
15.5 |
| New York |
991 (4.9) |
1,306 (6.5) |
1.6††† |
32.7††† |
150 (0.8) |
191 (1.0) |
0.2††† |
25.0††† |
| North Carolina |
500 (5.1) |
708 (7.2) |
2.1††† |
41.2††† |
115 (1.2) |
176 (1.8) |
0.6††† |
50.0††† |
| Ohio |
1,124 (10.1) |
1,556 (14.0) |
3.9††† |
38.6††† |
243 (2.3) |
556 (5.3) |
3.0††† |
130.4††† |
| Oklahoma |
31 (0.8) |
45 (1.1) |
0.3 |
37.5 |
263 (7.1) |
275 (7.2) |
0.1 |
1.4 |
| Oregon |
26 (0.7) |
39 (0.9) |
0.2 |
28.6 |
150 (3.6) |
170 (4.0) |
0.4 |
11.1 |
| Rhode Island |
112 (10.7) |
111 (11.2) |
0.5 |
4.7 |
10§§§ |
12§§§ |
§§§
|
§§§
|
| South Carolina |
143 (3.0) |
234 (4.7) |
1.7††† |
56.7††† |
125 (2.7) |
189 (4.0) |
1.3††† |
48.1††† |
| Tennessee |
249 (3.8) |
306 (4.6) |
0.8††† |
21.1††† |
186 (2.9) |
320 (5.0) |
2.1††† |
72.4††† |
| Utah |
48 (1.7) |
47 (1.5) |
−0.2 |
−11.8 |
143 (5.1) |
198 (6.8) |
1.7††† |
33.3††† |
| Vermont |
21 (4.0) |
38 (6.9) |
2.9 |
72.5 |
§§§
|
§§§
|
§§§
|
§§§
|
| Virginia |
254 (3.0) |
351 (4.1) |
1.1††† |
36.7††† |
76 (0.9) |
113 (1.4) |
0.5 |
55.6 |
| Washington |
90 (1.2) |
111 (1.4) |
0.2 |
16.7 |
326 (4.4) |
392 (5.2) |
0.8††† |
18.2††† |
| West Virginia |
143 (8.5) |
191 (11.6) |
3.1††† |
36.5††† |
117 (7.0) |
221 (13.6) |
6.6††† |
94.3††† |
| Wisconsin |
147 (2.6) |
265 (4.8) |
2.2††† |
84.6††† |
76 (1.4) |
128 (2.3) |
0.9††† |
64.3††† |
|
States with good reporting¶¶
(n = 8) | ||||||||
| Arizona |
82 (1.2) |
136 (2.0) |
0.8††† |
66.7††† |
454 (6.7) |
572 (8.5) |
1.8††† |
26.9††† |
| California |
366 (0.9) |
433 (1.0) |
0.1 |
11.1 |
1,579 (3.8) |
1,916 (4.6) |
0.8††† |
21.1††† |
| Colorado |
106 (1.9) |
96 (1.7) |
−0.2 |
−10.5 |
200 (3.6) |
301 (5.2) |
1.6††† |
44.4††† |
| Kentucky |
145 (3.5) |
185 (4.3) |
0.8 |
22.9 |
192 (4.7) |
330 (8.0) |
3.3††† |
70.2††† |
| Michigan |
500 (5.3) |
643 (6.7) |
1.4††† |
26.4††† |
88 (0.9) |
145 (1.6) |
0.7††† |
77.8††† |
| Minnesota |
43 (0.8) |
68 (1.3) |
0.5 |
62.5 |
140 (2.6) |
161 (2.9) |
0.3 |
11.5 |
| Missouri |
103 (1.8) |
132 (2.2) |
0.4 |
22.2 |
185 (3.3) |
248 (4.3) |
1.0††† |
30.3††† |
| Texas | 584 (2.1) | 694 (2.4) | 0.3††† | 14.3††† | 577 (2.1) | 653 (2.3) | 0.2 | 9.5 |
Source: National Vital Statistics System, Mortality File. https://wonder.cdc.gov/.
* Deaths are classified using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD–10). Drug overdose deaths are identified using underlying cause-of-death codes X40–X44, X60–X64, X85, and Y10–Y14. Rates are age-adjusted using the direct method and the 2000 U.S. standard population, except for age-specific crude rates. All rates are per 100,000 population.
† Drug overdose deaths, as defined, that have cocaine (T40.5) as a contributing cause.
§ Drug overdose deaths, as defined, that have psychostimulants with abuse potential (T43.6) as a contributing cause.
¶ Categories of deaths are not exclusive because deaths might involve more than one drug. Summing of categories will result in more than the total number of deaths in a year.
** Drug overdose deaths, as defined, that have any opioid (T40.0–T40.4, and T40.6).
†† Data for Hispanic origin should be interpreted with caution; studies comparing Hispanic origin on death certificates and on census surveys have shown inconsistent reporting on Hispanic ethnicity. Potential race misclassification might lead to underestimates for certain categories, primarily American Indian/Alaska Native non-Hispanic and Asian/Pacific Islander non-Hispanic decedents. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_02/sr02_172.pdf.
§§ By 2013 urbanization classification https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/urban_rural.htm.
¶¶ Analyses were limited to states meeting the following criteria: For states with very good to excellent reporting, ≥90% of drug overdose deaths mention at least one specific drug in 2016, with the change in drug overdose deaths mentions of at least one specific drug differing by <10 percentage points between 2016 and 2017. States with good reporting had 80% to <90% of drug overdose deaths mention of at least one specific drug in 2016, with the change in the percentage of drug overdose deaths mentioning at least one specific drug differing by <10 percentage points between 2016 and 2017. States included also were required to have stable rate estimates, based on ≥20 deaths, in at least one drug category (i.e., cocaine and psychostimulants with abuse potential) in both 2016 and 2017.
*** Absolute rate change is the difference between 2016 and 2017 rates. Percentage change (i.e., relative change) is the absolute rate change divided by the 2016 rate, multiplied by 100. Nonoverlapping confidence intervals based on the gamma method were used if the number of deaths was <100 in 2016 or 2017, and z-tests were used if the number of deaths was ≥100 in both 2016 and 2017. Note that the method of comparing confidence intervals is a conservative method for statistical significance; caution should be observed when interpreting a nonsignificant difference when the lower and upper limits being compared overlap only slightly. Confidence intervals for 2016 and 2017 rates of cocaine-involved deaths for Asian/Pacific Islanders overlapped only slightly: (0.35–0.54), (0.53–0.76) Confidence intervals of 2016 and 2017 rates of deaths involving psychostimulants with abuse potential for Virginia overlapped only slightly: (0.71–1.13), (1.10–1.60).
††† Statistically significant (p-value <0.05).
§§§ Data with <10 deaths are not reported. Rates based on <20 deaths are not considered reliable and not reported.