Figure 1.

Cortisol response to the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) in three groups of one-month old neonates: Prenatal MDD (neonates exposed to mothers with prenatal major depressive disorder), Preconception MDD (neonates exposed to mothers with MDD prior to but not during pregnancy), and Controls for (A) overall sample and (B) daughters only.

Note. Four saliva samples were collected for cortisol during and after the NNNS (baseline, end of NNNS, 20 and 40 minutes following the NNNS). Although baseline and area under the curve (AUC) cortisol were modeled in the logarithmic scale for statistical analyses, results are presented with raw mean cortisol values for ease of visual display.