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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Acta Neuropathol. 2019 Feb 7;137(3):413–436. doi: 10.1007/s00401-019-01965-6

Figure 13.

Figure 13.

a. Histogram showing a downregulation of mean mRNA expression levels of several cholinergic [acetylcholinesterase (Ache), butyrylcholinesterase (Bche), muscarinic receptor M2 (Chrm2), M4 (Chmr4), cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 2 (Chrna2), 3 (Chrna3), 4(Chrna4) and 7 (Chrna7) subunits] and monoaminergic [α1B adrenergic receptor (Adra1b), serotonin receptor 1B (Htr1b), 2C (Htr2c), 3A (Htr3a), 7 (Htr7), monoamine oxidase A (Maoa) and B (Maob), noradrenaline transporter (Slc6a2), serotonin transporter (Slc6a4) and tyrosine hydroxylase (Th)] neurotransmission related genes in frontal cortex pS422 positive NFTs in demented compared to non-demented subjects with DS (Mann-Whitney rank sum test, p<0.05). b. Histogram showing a downregulation of the mean values of the relative density of autoimmune regulator (Aire), FAM3B protein (Fam3b), homeobox 2 (Emx2) transcript factor, the autophagy protein 5 (Atg5), TNF type-1 (Tradd), protein p53 (Tp53), caspase 6 (Casp6), BCL2-associated X (Bax), several cyclin proteins [cyclin B1 (Ccnb1), cyclin D1 (Ccnd1) and cyclin D2 (Ccnd2)], G-proteins [(Rgs2), (Rgs3), (Rgs4), (Rgs9), (Rgs10)], adenylate cyclases [(Adcy1), (Adcy6)], proto-oncogene c-fos (Fos), Jun (Jun), protein fosB (Fosb), and transcript factor EB (Tfeb) mRNAs in frontal cortex pS422 positive NFTs in demented compared to non-demented subjects with DS, while transcript expression levels for the Sirt6 gene was upregulated in frontal cortex pS422 positive NFTs in demented compared to non-demented subjects with DS (Mann-Whitney rank sum test, p<0.05).