Table 2.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Baseline Violence Exposure and Related Symptoms with and without Mediators
| Wave 1 Lifetime Polyvictimization | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | p | β | p | β | p | |
| African American vs White | .10 | <.001 | .10 | <.001 | .01 | .237 |
| Hispanic vs White | .08 | <.001 | .08 | <.001 | .02 | .613 |
| Age in Years | .21 | .495 | .21 | <.001 | .17 | .019 |
| Gender (Female vs Male) | .01 | <.001 | .01 | .493 | −.03 | .024 |
| Caregiver Perception of Neighborhood Safety | −.05 | .034 | ||||
| Adolescent Perception of Neighborhood Safety | −.21 | <.001 | ||||
| Head of Household Marital Status (Married vs Not) | −.23 | <.001 | ||||
| Head of Household Education | −.09 | .012 | ||||
| Poverty (High vs Low Income) | −.18 | .022 | ||||
| Wave 1 PTSD | ||||||
| African American vs White | .03 | .163 | −.01 | .450 | −.02 | .415 |
| Hispanic vs White | .04 | .071 | .01 | .769 | <.01 | .832 |
| Age in Years | .14 | <.001 | .05 | .008 | .04 | .067 |
| Gender (Female vs Male) | .14 | <.001 | .13 | <.001 | .19 | <.001 |
| Wave 1 Lifetime Polyvictimization | .41 | <.001 | .38 | <.001 | ||
| Caregiver Perception of Neighborhood Safety | .01 | .511 | ||||
| Adolescent Perception of Neighborhood Safety | −.10 | <.001 | ||||
| Head of Household Marital Status (Married vs Not) | −.11 | .005 | ||||
| Head of Household Education | .02 | .471 | ||||
| Poverty (High vs Low Income) | −.12 | .029 | ||||
| Wave 1 Lifetime Delinquency | ||||||
| African American vs White | .21 | <.001 | .08 | <.001 | .12 | <.001 |
| Hispanic vs White | .12 | <.001 | .16 | <.001 | .06 | .019 |
| Age in Years | .27 | <.001 | .18 | <.001 | .17 | <.001 |
| Gender (Female vs Male) | −.22 | <.001 | −.23 | <.001 | −.25 | <.001 |
| Wave 1 Lifetime Polyvictimization | .45 | <.001 | .41 | <.001 | ||
| Caregiver Perception of Neighborhood Safety | −.04 | .191 | ||||
| Adolescent Perception of Neighborhood Safety | −.07 | .006 | ||||
| Head of Household Marital Status (Married vs Not) | −.17 | .002 | ||||
| Head of Household Education | −.14 | <.001 | ||||
| Poverty (High vs Low Income) | −.18 | .015 | ||||
Note: Model 1 examined racial/ethnic differences in violence exposure and symptoms while controlling for only age and gender. Model 2 examined violence exposure and symptom cascades as potential mediators of racial/ethnic differences. Model 3 added familial and contextual variables to Model 2 in order to examine the degree to which these variables explain disparities in the initiation of violence exposure and symptom cascades.