Fig. 2.

Synovial, cartilaginous, and bony-derived markers of degradation, synthesis, and inflammation in a joint affected by OA [64]. The paracrine activity of the MSCs in the OA articular environment resides in their anti-inflammatory, anti-catabolic, and trophic abilities. Monitoring of variations in these markers has been proposed as a strategy to evaluate the efficacy of MSC-based OA treatments. Professional illustration by Matilde Bongio, Ph.D., GoArts— IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi