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. 2019 May 29;9:8025. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44485-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Histopathological Analysis of Knee Joint. (A) Normal control (NC) animal knee- joint parts representing articular cartilage (Ac), synovial membrane (Sm), synovial folds (Sm), spongy bone (Sb), bone marrow cells (Bm), joint cavity (Jc). (B) Knee-joint in disease control (DC) animal treated with C-Ab + LPS showing moderately enlarged synovial membrane (Sm), hyperplastic synovium (Sh), increased synovial vascularity (Sv), calcinosis (Ca), inflammation (In), pannus formation (Pn) and cartilage erosion (Ce). (C) Treatment of the CAIA animal with Ashwashila (ASHW) showed mildly enlarged Sm, Sh, increased Sv, and inflammation (In). (D) Treatment of the diseased animal with Methotrexate (MTX) showed mildly enlarged Sm, Sh, increased Sv and In. (E) Total lesion score measurement indicated increased inflammatory lesion in the DC animals. Treatment of the diseased animal with ASHW or MTX showed a significant reduction in the lesion score of knee-joints. (F) Anti-arthritic efficacy of ASHW and MTX as percentage (%) inhibition showed similar inhibitory effects. Values in the results are Mean ± SEM. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison t-test was used to calculate the statistical difference. Student unpaired t-test was used to calculate the statistical difference in comparison to MTX (p-value # ≤ 0.05; ** ≤ 0.01).