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. 2019 May 29;9:8011. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44229-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Human female systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) CD4+ T lymphocytes exhibit significant differences in chromosome X organization compared to healthy controls. (a) 3D maximum intensity projections of human female healthy (left panels) and SLE (right panels) lymphocyte nuclei (blue) with FOXP3 (green) and chromosome X (red) labeled during X separation (top panels) and coalescence (bottom panels). (b) 3D chromosome X coalescence frequency of healthy and SLE regulatory T cells (CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3+), CD4 + CD25- T cells, and non-CD4+ T cells. Each column represents approximately 150 nuclei analyzed, error bars designate 95% confidence intervals. SLEDAI-2 donor score given in parenthesis. (c) Chromosome X coalescence frequency of healthy and SLE regulatory T cells (CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3+), CD4 + CD25- T cells, and non-CD4+ T cells. Values presented as mean ± standard deviation. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, NS. = Not Significant, Student’s t-test. Each column represents approximately 450 healthy or 900 SLE nuclei analyzed.